53 const bool emptyDestinationsAllowed,
54 const bool ignoreErrors,
55 const bool checkSchema) :
59 OptionsCont::getOptions().getFloat(
"mapmatch.distance"),
62 myActiveRouteRepeat(0),
63 myActiveRoutePeriod(0),
64 myActivePlan(nullptr),
65 myActiveContainerPlan(nullptr),
66 myActiveContainerPlanSize(0),
67 myTryRepair(tryRepair),
68 myEmptyDestinationsAllowed(emptyDestinationsAllowed),
71 myKeepVTypeDist(
OptionsCont::getOptions().getBool(
"keep-vtype-distributions")),
72 myUnsortedInput(
OptionsCont::getOptions().exists(
"unsorted-input") &&
OptionsCont::getOptions().getBool(
"unsorted-input")),
73 myCurrentVTypeDistribution(nullptr),
74 myCurrentAlternatives(nullptr) {
102 const std::string element =
toString(tag);
112 if (type !=
nullptr) {
121 const std::string tazType = useJunction ?
"junction" :
"taz";
124 if (fromTaz ==
nullptr) {
128 }
else if (fromTaz->getNumSuccessors() == 0 && tag !=
SUMO_TAG_PERSON) {
162 if (viaSink ==
nullptr) {
166 viaEdges.push_back(viaSink);
172 for (
const ROEdge* e : viaEdges) {
181 const std::string tazType = useJunction ?
"junction" :
"taz";
184 if (toTaz ==
nullptr) {
188 }
else if (toTaz->getNumPredecessors() == 0 && tag !=
SUMO_TAG_PERSON) {
240 (*myActiveContainerPlan) << attrs;
249 (*myActiveContainerPlan) << attrs;
278 std::vector<double> probs;
288 while (st.hasNext()) {
289 const std::string typeID = st.next();
291 if (dist !=
nullptr) {
292 const double distProb = ((int)probs.size() > probIndex ? probs[probIndex] : 1.) / dist->
getOverallProb();
293 std::vector<double>::const_iterator probIt = dist->
getProbs().begin();
300 if (type ==
nullptr) {
303 const double prob = ((int)probs.size() > probIndex ? probs[probIndex] : type->
defaultProbability);
309 if (probs.size() > 0 && probIndex != (int)probs.size()) {
383 if (type !=
nullptr) {
450 const ROEdge* last =
nullptr;
453 if (last !=
nullptr) {
455 if (intern->isInternal() && intern->getSuccessors().size() == 1 && intern->getSuccessors().front() == roe) {
456 fullRoute.push_back(intern);
460 fullRoute.push_back(roe);
472 if (stop.until > 0) {
477 throw ProcessError(
TLF(
"Cannot repeat stops with 'until' in route % because no cycleTime is defined.", description));
534 if (ok && index < 0) {
544 const std::string routeID = st.
next();
546 if (route ==
nullptr) {
580 if (type ==
nullptr) {
594 if (route ==
nullptr) {
601 const bool needCopy = route->
getID()[0] !=
'!';
609 }
else if (needCopy) {
635 if (type ==
nullptr) {
644 person->
getPlan().push_back(item);
687 std::vector<SUMOTime> departures;
692 std::sort(departures.begin(), departures.end());
693 std::reverse(departures.begin(), departures.end());
734 person->
getPlan().push_back(item->clone());
838 if (stopParam !=
nullptr) {
853 if (toStop ==
nullptr) {
859 if (toStop ==
nullptr) {
865 if (toStop ==
nullptr) {
872 if (toStop ==
nullptr) {
879 if (toStop ==
nullptr) {
891 (*myActiveContainerPlan) << attrs;
896 std::string errorSuffix;
912 const ROEdge* edge =
nullptr;
913 std::string stoppingPlaceID;
916 if (stoppingPlace !=
nullptr) {
925 if (ok && stop.
edge !=
"") {
927 if (edge ==
nullptr) {
931 }
else if (ok && stop.
lane !=
"") {
933 if (edge ==
nullptr) {
948 positions.push_back(pos);
953 if (type !=
nullptr) {
959 edge = geoEdges.front();
965 stop.
endPos = edge->
getLanes()[0]->getShape().nearest_offset_to_point2D(pos,
false);
969 }
else if (!ok || (stop.
lane ==
"" && stop.
edge ==
"")) {
970 myErrorOutput->
inform(
"A stop must be placed on a bus stop, a container stop, a parking area, an edge or a lane" + errorSuffix);
1006 std::vector<ROPerson::PlanItem*>& plan = *
myActivePlan;
1009 const ROEdge* from =
nullptr;
1010 const ROEdge* to =
nullptr;
1017 }
else if (plan.empty()) {
1021 std::string stoppingPlaceID;
1023 if (stop !=
nullptr) {
1035 stop ==
nullptr ? std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity() : stop->
endPos);
1041 if (st.
size() != 1) {
1042 myErrorOutput->
inform(
"Triggered departure for person '" + pid +
"' requires a unique lines value.");
1045 const std::string vehID = st.
front();
1047 myErrorOutput->
inform(
"Unknown vehicle '" + vehID +
"' in triggered departure for person '" + pid +
"'.");
1051 if (vehDepart == -1) {
1052 myErrorOutput->
inform(
"Cannot use triggered vehicle '" + vehID +
"' in triggered departure for person '" + pid +
"'.");
1068 if (st.size() != 1) {
1069 throw ProcessError(
TLF(
"Triggered departure for container '%' requires a unique lines value.", pid));
1071 const std::string vehID = st.front();
1073 throw ProcessError(
"Unknown vehicle '" + vehID +
"' in triggered departure for container '" + pid +
"'.");
1076 if (vehDepart == -1) {
1077 throw ProcessError(
"Cannot use triggered vehicle '" + vehID +
"' in triggered departure for container '" + pid +
"'.");
1091 const std::string& rid,
bool& ok) {
1093 const std::string
id = st.next();
1095 if (edge ==
nullptr) {
1096 myErrorOutput->
inform(
"The edge '" +
id +
"' within the route " + rid +
" is not known.");
1099 into.push_back(edge);
1108 double& departPos,
double& arrivalPos, std::string& busStopID,
1110 const std::string description =
"walk or personTrip of '" + personID +
"'.";
1112 WRITE_WARNING(
TL(
"The attribute departPos is no longer supported for walks, please use the person attribute, the arrivalPos of the previous step or explicit stops."));
1115 if (lastStage !=
nullptr) {
1122 if (bs !=
nullptr) {
1124 arrivalPos = (bs->startPos + bs->endPos) / 2;
1126 if (toEdge !=
nullptr) {
1143 const ROEdge* from =
nullptr;
1144 const ROEdge* to =
nullptr;
1167 double departPos = 0;
1168 double arrivalPos = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
1169 std::string busStopID;
1177 const std::string mode = st.next();
1178 if (mode ==
"car") {
1180 }
else if (mode ==
"taxi") {
1182 }
else if (mode ==
"bicycle") {
1184 }
else if (mode ==
"public") {
1195 departPos, originStopID, arrivalPos, busStopID, walkFactor, group);
1210 const RORoute* route = routeDef !=
nullptr ? routeDef->getFirstRoute() :
nullptr;
1211 if (route ==
nullptr) {
1228 double departPos = 0.;
1229 double arrivalPos = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
1231 WRITE_WARNING(
TL(
"The attribute departPos is no longer supported for walks, please use the person attribute, the arrivalPos of the previous step or explicit stops."));
1236 std::string stoppingPlaceID;
1252 for (
ROLane* lane : edgeItem.second->getLanes()) {
1254 const float cmin[2] = {(float) b.
xmin(), (float) b.
ymin()};
1255 const float cmax[2] = {(float) b.
xmax(), (float) b.
ymax()};
1256 tree->
Insert(cmin, cmax, lane);
#define JUNCTION_TAZ_MISSING_HELP
#define WRITE_WARNINGF(...)
#define WRITE_WARNING(msg)
std::vector< const ROEdge * > ConstROEdgeVector
SUMOTime string2time(const std::string &r)
convert string to SUMOTime
long long int SVCPermissions
bitset where each bit declares whether a certain SVC may use this edge/lane
const double DEFAULT_VEH_PROB
const std::string DEFAULT_PEDTYPE_ID
const std::string DEFAULT_VTYPE_ID
SUMOVehicleClass
Definition of vehicle classes to differ between different lane usage and authority types.
@ SVC_IGNORING
vehicles ignoring classes
@ SVC_PASSENGER
vehicle is a passenger car (a "normal" car)
@ SVC_BICYCLE
vehicle is a bicycle
@ SVC_TAXI
vehicle is a taxi
@ SVC_BUS
vehicle is a bus
@ SVC_PEDESTRIAN
pedestrian
const long long int VEHPARS_TO_TAZ_SET
const long long int VEHPARS_FROM_TAZ_SET
@ GIVEN
The time is given.
@ TRIGGERED
The departure is person triggered.
SumoXMLTag
Numbers representing SUMO-XML - element names.
@ SUMO_TAG_CHARGING_STATION
A Charging Station.
@ SUMO_TAG_CONTAINER_STOP
A container stop.
@ SUMO_TAG_BUS_STOP
A bus stop.
@ SUMO_TAG_STOP
stop for vehicles
@ SUMO_TAG_FLOW
a flow definition using from and to edges or a route
@ SUMO_TAG_PARKING_AREA
A parking area.
@ SUMO_TAG_OVERHEAD_WIRE_SEGMENT
An overhead wire segment.
@ SUMO_TAG_PARAM
parameter associated to a certain key
@ SUMO_TAG_TRIP
a single trip definition (used by router)
@ SUMO_ATTR_FROM_JUNCTION
@ SUMO_ATTR_CONTAINER_STOP
@ SUMO_ATTR_EDGES
the edges of a route
@ SUMO_ATTR_CHARGING_STATION
@ SUMO_ATTR_OVERHEAD_WIRE_SEGMENT
@ SUMO_ATTR_COLOR
A color information.
std::string toString(const T &t, std::streamsize accuracy=gPrecision)
A class that stores a 2D geometrical boundary.
double ymin() const
Returns minimum y-coordinate.
double xmin() const
Returns minimum x-coordinate.
PositionVector getShape(const bool closeShape) const
get position vector (shape) based on this boundary
double ymax() const
Returns maximum y-coordinate.
double xmax() const
Returns maximum x-coordinate.
static const GeoConvHelper & getFinal()
the coordinate transformation for writing the location element and for tracking the original coordina...
bool x2cartesian_const(Position &from) const
Converts the given coordinate into a cartesian using the previous initialisation.
Provides utility functions for matching locations to edges (during route parsing)
void parseGeoEdges(const PositionVector &positions, bool geo, SUMOVehicleClass vClass, std::vector< const ROEdge * > &into, const std::string &rid, bool isFrom, bool &ok, bool forceEdge=false)
static MsgHandler * getErrorInstance()
Returns the instance to add errors to.
virtual void inform(std::string msg, bool addType=true)
adds a new error to the list
const std::string & getID() const
Returns the id.
A RT-tree for efficient storing of SUMO's Named objects.
void Insert(const float a_min[2], const float a_max[2], Named *const &a_data)
Insert entry.
A storage for options typed value containers)
double getFloat(const std::string &name) const
Returns the double-value of the named option (only for Option_Float)
bool exists(const std::string &name) const
Returns the information whether the named option is known.
bool getBool(const std::string &name) const
Returns the boolean-value of the named option (only for Option_Bool)
const StringVector & getStringVector(const std::string &name) const
Returns the list of string-value of the named option (only for Option_StringVector)
static OptionsCont & getOptions()
Retrieves the options.
An output device that encapsulates an ofstream.
std::string getString() const
Returns the current content as a string.
OutputDevice & openTag(const std::string &xmlElement)
Opens an XML tag.
bool closeTag(const std::string &comment="")
Closes the most recently opened tag and optionally adds a comment.
An upper class for objects with additional parameters.
A point in 2D or 3D with translation and scaling methods.
Boundary getBoxBoundary() const
Returns a boundary enclosing this list of lines.
A basic edge for routing applications.
const ROEdge * getNormalBefore() const
if this edge is an internal edge, return its first normal predecessor, otherwise the edge itself
bool isInternal() const
return whether this edge is an internal edge
const ROEdgeVector & getSuccessors(SUMOVehicleClass vClass=SVC_IGNORING) const
Returns the following edges, restricted by vClass.
const std::vector< ROLane * > & getLanes() const
Returns this edge's lanes.
double getLength() const
Returns the length of the edge.
A single lane the router may use.
The router's network representation.
SUMOVTypeParameter * getVehicleTypeSecure(const std::string &id)
Retrieves the named vehicle type.
const RandomDistributor< SUMOVTypeParameter * > * getVTypeDistribution(const std::string &id)
Retrieves the named vehicle type distribution.
bool addRouteDef(RORouteDef *def)
bool knowsVehicle(const std::string &id) const
returns whether a vehicle with the given id was already loaded
virtual bool addVehicle(const std::string &id, ROVehicle *veh)
SUMOTime getDeparture(const std::string &vehID) const
returns departure time for the given vehicle id
const SUMOVehicleParameter::Stop * getStoppingPlace(const std::string &id, const SumoXMLTag category) const
Retrieves a stopping place from the network.
void addContainer(const SUMOTime depart, const std::string desc)
ROEdge * getEdge(const std::string &name) const
Retrieves an edge from the network.
bool addPerson(ROPerson *person)
RORouteDef * getRouteDef(const std::string &name) const
Returns the named route definition.
virtual bool addVehicleType(SUMOVTypeParameter *type)
Adds a read vehicle type definition to the network.
bool addVTypeDistribution(const std::string &id, RandomDistributor< SUMOVTypeParameter * > *vehTypeDistribution)
Adds a vehicle type distribution.
const NamedObjectCont< ROEdge * > & getEdgeMap() const
bool addFlow(SUMOVehicleParameter *flow, const bool randomize)
Every person has a plan comprising of multiple planItems.
virtual double getDestinationPos() const =0
A person as used by router.
static void addTrip(std::vector< PlanItem * > &plan, const std::string &id, const ROEdge *const from, const ROEdge *const to, const SVCPermissions modeSet, const std::string &vTypes, const double departPos, const std::string &stopOrigin, const double arrivalPos, const std::string &busStop, double walkFactor, const std::string &group)
static void addStop(std::vector< PlanItem * > &plan, const SUMOVehicleParameter::Stop &stopPar, const ROEdge *const stopEdge)
static void addRide(std::vector< PlanItem * > &plan, const ROEdge *const from, const ROEdge *const to, const std::string &lines, double arrivalPos, const std::string &destStop, const std::string &group)
static void addWalk(std::vector< PlanItem * > &plan, const ConstROEdgeVector &edges, const double duration, const double speed, const double departPos, const double arrivalPos, const std::string &busStop)
std::vector< PlanItem * > & getPlan()
Base class for a vehicle's route definition.
void addLoadedAlternative(RORoute *alternative)
Adds a single alternative loaded from the file An alternative may also be generated during DUA.
double getOverallProb() const
Returns the sum of the probablities of the contained routes.
void addAlternativeDef(const RORouteDef *alternative)
Adds an alternative loaded from the file.
RORouteDef * copy(const std::string &id, const SUMOTime stopOffset) const
Returns a deep copy of the route definition.
void openVehicleTypeDistribution(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
opens a type distribution for reading
const SUMOVehicleParameter::Stop * retrieveStoppingPlace(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs, const std::string &errorSuffix, std::string &id, const SUMOVehicleParameter::Stop *stopParam=nullptr)
retrieve stopping place element
void addTransport(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
Processing of a transport.
void deleteActivePlanAndVehicleParameter()
void openRoute(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
opens a route for reading
std::string myCurrentVTypeDistributionID
The id of the currently parsed vehicle type distribution.
void addFlowPerson(const std::string &typeID, SUMOTime depart, const std::string &baseID, int i)
Processing of a person from a personFlow.
void closeContainerFlow() override
Ends the processing of a containerFlow.
RORouteHandler(RONet &net, const std::string &file, const bool tryRepair, const bool emptyDestinationsAllowed, const bool ignoreErrors, const bool checkSchema)
standard constructor
void parseEdges(const std::string &desc, ConstROEdgeVector &into, const std::string &rid, bool &ok)
Parse edges from strings.
RONet & myNet
The current route.
void addRide(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
Processing of a ride.
ConstROEdgeVector myActiveRoute
The current route.
void closeRouteDistribution() override
closes (ends) the building of a distribution
void addTranship(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
Processing of a tranship.
void closeContainer() override
Ends the processing of a container.
std::vector< ROPerson::PlanItem * > * myActivePlan
The plan of the current person.
const bool myTryRepair
Information whether routes shall be repaired.
bool checkLastDepart() override
Checks whether the route file is sorted by departure time if needed.
OutputDevice_String * myActiveContainerPlan
The plan of the current container.
void closeVehicle() override
Ends the processing of a vehicle.
SUMOTime myActiveRoutePeriod
const SUMOTime myBegin
The begin time.
void closeRoute(const bool mayBeDisconnected=false) override
closes (ends) the building of a route.
Parameterised * addStop(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
Processing of a stop.
RandomDistributor< SUMOVTypeParameter * > * myCurrentVTypeDistribution
The currently parsed distribution of vehicle types (probability->vehicle type)
void closePersonFlow() override
Ends the processing of a personFlow.
void openRouteDistribution(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
opens a route distribution for reading
int myActiveContainerPlanSize
The number of stages in myActiveContainerPlan.
const bool myKeepVTypeDist
whether to keep the vtype distribution in output
void openTrip(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
opens a trip for reading
const bool myUnsortedInput
whether input is read all at once (no sorting check is necessary)
void parseWalkPositions(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs, const std::string &personID, const ROEdge *fromEdge, const ROEdge *&toEdge, double &departPos, double &arrivalPos, std::string &busStopID, const ROPerson::PlanItem *const lastStage, bool &ok)
@ brief parse depart- and arrival positions of a walk
MsgHandler *const myErrorOutput
Depending on the "ignore-errors" option different outputs are used.
int myActiveRouteRepeat
number of repetitions of the active route
void closeFlow() override
Ends the processing of a flow.
ROEdge * retrieveEdge(const std::string &id) override
void addPersonTrip(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
add a routing request for a walking or intermodal person
void closePerson() override
Ends the processing of a person.
~RORouteHandler() override
standard destructor
RORouteDef * myCurrentAlternatives
The currently parsed route alternatives.
void myStartElement(int element, const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
Called on the opening of a tag;.
void addWalk(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
add a fully specified walk
void initLaneTree(NamedRTree *tree) override
void openRouteFlow(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
opens a route flow for reading
void closeTrip() override
Ends the processing of a trip.
void openFlow(const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs) override
opens a flow for reading
void closeVType() override
Ends the processing of a vehicle type.
void closeVehicleTypeDistribution() override
closes (ends) the building of a distribution
void parseFromViaTo(SumoXMLTag tag, const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs, bool &ok)
Called for parsing from and to and the corresponding taz attributes.
A complete router's route.
const ConstROEdgeVector & getEdgeVector() const
Returns the list of edges this route consists of.
A vehicle as used by router.
static double rand(SumoRNG *rng=nullptr)
Returns a random real number in [0, 1)
Represents a generic random distribution.
double getOverallProb() const
Return the sum of the probabilites assigned to the members.
bool add(T val, double prob, bool checkDuplicates=true)
Adds a value with an assigned probability to the distribution.
const std::vector< T > & getVals() const
Returns the members of the distribution.
void clear()
Clears the distribution.
const std::vector< double > & getProbs() const
Returns the probabilities assigned to the members of the distribution.
Parser for routes during their loading.
bool parseStop(SUMOVehicleParameter::Stop &stop, const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs, std::string errorSuffix, MsgHandler *const errorOutput)
parses attributes common to all stops
std::vector< SUMOVehicleParameter::Stop > myActiveRouteStops
List of the stops on the parsed route.
void registerLastDepart()
save last depart (only to be used if vehicle is not discarded)
double myCurrentCosts
The currently parsed route costs.
std::string myActiveRouteID
The id of the current route.
std::vector< Parameterised * > myParamStack
The stack of currently parsed parameterised objects.
SUMOVehicleParameter * myVehicleParameter
Parameter of the current vehicle, trip, person, container or flow.
const bool myHardFail
flag to enable or disable hard fails
SUMOVTypeParameter * myCurrentVType
The currently parsed vehicle type.
static StopPos checkStopPos(double &startPos, double &endPos, const double laneLength, const double minLength, const bool friendlyPos)
check start and end position of a stop
virtual void myStartElement(int element, const SUMOSAXAttributes &attrs)
Called on the opening of a tag;.
double myActiveRouteProbability
The probability of the current route.
int myInsertStopEdgesAt
where stop edges can be inserted into the current route (-1 means no insertion)
std::string myActiveRouteRefID
The id of the route the current route references to.
const RGBColor * myActiveRouteColor
The currently parsed route's color.
virtual bool checkLastDepart()
Checks whether the route file is sorted by departure time if needed.
Encapsulated SAX-Attributes.
T getOpt(int attr, const char *objectid, bool &ok, T defaultValue=T(), bool report=true) const
Tries to read given attribute assuming it is an int.
SUMOTime getOptSUMOTimeReporting(int attr, const char *objectid, bool &ok, SUMOTime defaultValue, bool report=true) const
Tries to read given attribute assuming it is a SUMOTime.
T get(int attr, const char *objectid, bool &ok, bool report=true) const
Tries to read given attribute assuming it is an int.
virtual bool hasAttribute(int id) const =0
Returns the information whether the named (by its enum-value) attribute is within the current list.
Structure representing possible vehicle parameter.
double defaultProbability
The probability when being added to a distribution without an explicit probability.
void cacheParamRestrictions(const std::vector< std::string > &restrictionKeys)
SUMOVehicleClass vehicleClass
The vehicle's class.
std::string id
The vehicle type's id.
Definition of vehicle stop (position and duration)
std::string edge
The edge to stop at.
std::string lane
The lane to stop at.
std::string parkingarea
(Optional) parking area if one is assigned to the stop
double startPos
The stopping position start.
std::string chargingStation
(Optional) charging station if one is assigned to the stop
std::string overheadWireSegment
(Optional) overhead line segment if one is assigned to the stop
int parametersSet
Information for the output which parameter were set.
double endPos
The stopping position end.
std::string busstop
(Optional) bus stop if one is assigned to the stop
std::string containerstop
(Optional) container stop if one is assigned to the stop
Structure representing possible vehicle parameter.
double repetitionProbability
The probability for emitting a vehicle per second.
void incrementFlow(double scale, SumoRNG *rng=nullptr)
increment flow
std::string vtypeid
The vehicle's type id.
SUMOTime repetitionOffset
The time offset between vehicle reinsertions.
std::vector< std::string > via
List of the via-edges the vehicle must visit.
int repetitionsDone
The number of times the vehicle was already inserted.
SUMOTime repetitionTotalOffset
The offset between depart and the time for the next vehicle insertions.
long long int parametersSet
Information for the router which parameter were set, TraCI may modify this (when changing color)
SUMOTime repetitionEnd
The time at which the flow ends (only needed when using repetitionProbability)
bool wasSet(long long int what) const
Returns whether the given parameter was set.
double departPos
(optional) The position the vehicle shall depart from
std::string routeid
The vehicle's route id.
std::string id
The vehicle's id.
std::vector< Stop > stops
List of the stops the vehicle will make, TraCI may add entries here.
std::string toTaz
The vehicle's destination zone (district)
DepartDefinition departProcedure
Information how the vehicle shall choose the depart time.
std::string fromTaz
The vehicle's origin zone (district)
static double parseWalkPos(SumoXMLAttr attr, const bool hardFail, const std::string &id, double maxPos, const std::string &val, SumoRNG *rng=0)
parse departPos or arrivalPos for a walk
static std::string getEdgeIDFromLane(const std::string laneID)
return edge id when given the lane ID
std::string front()
returns the first substring without moving the iterator
int size() const
returns the number of existing substrings
bool hasNext()
returns the information whether further substrings exist
std::string next()
returns the next substring when it exists. Otherwise the behaviour is undefined
static double toDoubleSecure(const std::string &sData, const double def)
converts a string into the integer value described by it