MSLCM_LC2013.cpp

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/****************************************************************************/
// Eclipse SUMO, Simulation of Urban MObility; see https://eclipse.dev/sumo
// Copyright (C) 2001-2026 German Aerospace Center (DLR) and others.
// This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
// terms of the Eclipse Public License 2.0 which is available at
// https://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0/
// This Source Code may also be made available under the following Secondary
// Licenses when the conditions for such availability set forth in the Eclipse
// Public License 2.0 are satisfied: GNU General Public License, version 2
// or later which is available at
// https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-standalone.html
// SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0 OR GPL-2.0-or-later
/****************************************************************************/
// A lane change model developed by J. Erdmann
// based on the model of D. Krajzewicz developed between 2004 and 2011 (MSLCM_DK2004)
/****************************************************************************/
#include <config.h>
 
#include <iostream>
#include <utils/xml/SUMOSAXAttributes.h>
#include <utils/common/RandHelper.h>
#include <utils/common/StringUtils.h>
#include <microsim/transportables/MSPModel.h>
#include <microsim/transportables/MSTransportableControl.h>
#include <microsim/MSEdge.h>
#include <microsim/MSLane.h>
#include <microsim/MSLink.h>
#include <microsim/MSDriverState.h>
#include <microsim/MSNet.h>
#include <microsim/MSStop.h>
#include "MSLCHelper.h"
#include "MSLCM_LC2013.h"
 
 
// ===========================================================================
// variable definitions
// ===========================================================================
#define LOOK_FORWARD 10.
 
#define JAM_FACTOR 1.
 
#define LCA_RIGHT_IMPATIENCE -1.
#define CUT_IN_LEFT_SPEED_THRESHOLD 27.
 
#define LOOK_AHEAD_MIN_SPEED 0.0
#define LOOK_AHEAD_SPEED_MEMORY 0.9
 
#define HELP_DECEL_FACTOR 1.0
 
#define HELP_OVERTAKE  (10.0 / 3.6)
#define MIN_FALLBEHIND  (7.0 / 3.6)
 
#define RELGAIN_NORMALIZATION_MIN_SPEED 10.0
#define URGENCY 2.0
#define OPPOSITE_URGENCY 5.0
 
#define KEEP_RIGHT_TIME 5.0 // the number of seconds after which a vehicle should move to the right lane
 
#define KEEP_RIGHT_HEADWAY 2.0
#define MAX_ONRAMP_LENGTH 200.
#define TURN_LANE_DIST 200.0 // the distance at which a lane leading elsewhere is considered to be a turn-lane that must be avoided
 
#define LC_RESOLUTION_SPEED_LAT 0.5 // the lateral speed (in m/s) for a standing vehicle which was unable to finish a continuous LC in time (in case mySpeedLatStanding==0), see #3771
 
#define REACT_TO_STOPPED_DISTANCE 100
#define BLOCKER_IS_BLOCKED_TIME_THRESHOLD 5 // the time after which a blocking neighbor is treated similar to a stopped vehicle
 
#define HYST_PRECISION 10000000
 
// ===========================================================================
// debug defines
// ===========================================================================
//#define DEBUG_CONSTRUCTOR
//#define DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
//#define DEBUG_INFORMED
//#define DEBUG_INFORMER
//#define DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
//#define DEBUG_SLOW_DOWN
//#define DEBUG_COOPERATE
//#define DEBUG_SAVE_BLOCKER_LENGTH
 
//#define DEBUG_COND (myVehicle.getID() == "ego")
#define DEBUG_COND (myVehicle.isSelected())
//#define DEBUG_COND (true)
 
// ===========================================================================
// member method definitions
// ===========================================================================
MSLCM_LC2013::MSLCM_LC2013(MSVehicle& v) :
    MSAbstractLaneChangeModel(v, LaneChangeModel::LC2013),
    mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft(0),
    mySpeedGainProbabilityRight(0),
    myKeepRightProbability(0),
    myLeadingBlockerLength(0),
    myLeftSpace(0),
    myLookAheadSpeed(LOOK_AHEAD_MIN_SPEED),
    myDontBrake(false),
    myStrategicParam(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_STRATEGIC_PARAM, 1)),
    myCooperativeParam(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_COOPERATIVE_PARAM, 1)),
    mySpeedGainParam(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_PARAM, 1)),
    myKeepRightParam(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_KEEPRIGHT_PARAM, 1)),
    myOppositeParam(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_OPPOSITE_PARAM, 1)),
    myLookaheadLeft(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_LOOKAHEADLEFT, 2.0)),
    mySpeedGainRight(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAINRIGHT, 0.1)),
    mySpeedGainLookahead(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_LOOKAHEAD, 0)),
    mySpeedGainRemainTime(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_REMAIN_TIME, 20)),
    mySpeedGainUrgency(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_URGENCY, 50)),
    myRoundaboutBonus(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_COOPERATIVE_ROUNDABOUT, myCooperativeParam)),
    myCooperativeSpeed(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_COOPERATIVE_SPEED, myCooperativeParam)),
    myKeepRightAcceptanceTime(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_KEEPRIGHT_ACCEPTANCE_TIME, -1)),
    myOvertakeDeltaSpeedFactor(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_OVERTAKE_DELTASPEED_FACTOR, 0)),
    myExperimentalParam1(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getLCParam(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_EXPERIMENTAL1, 0)) {
    initDerivedParameters();
#ifdef DEBUG_CONSTRUCTOR
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << SIMTIME
                  << " create lcModel veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                  << " lcStrategic=" << myStrategicParam
                  << " lcCooperative=" << myCooperativeParam
                  << " lcSpeedGain=" << mySpeedGainParam
                  << " lcKeepRight=" << myKeepRightParam
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
}
 
MSLCM_LC2013::~MSLCM_LC2013() {
    changed();
}
 
 
void
MSLCM_LC2013::initDerivedParameters() {
    if (mySpeedGainParam <= 0) {
        myChangeProbThresholdRight = std::numeric_limits<long long int>::max();
        myChangeProbThresholdLeft = std::numeric_limits<long long int>::max();
    } else {
        myChangeProbThresholdRight = (long long int)((0.2 / mySpeedGainRight) / mySpeedGainParam * HYST_PRECISION);
        myChangeProbThresholdLeft = (long long int)(0.2 / mySpeedGainParam * HYST_PRECISION);
    }
}
 
 
bool
MSLCM_LC2013::debugVehicle() const {
    return DEBUG_COND;
}
 
 
int
MSLCM_LC2013::wantsChange(
    int laneOffset,
    MSAbstractLaneChangeModel::MSLCMessager& msgPass,
    int blocked,
    const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& leader,
    const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& follower,
    const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& neighLead,
    const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& neighFollow,
    const MSLane& neighLane,
    const std::vector<MSVehicle::LaneQ>& preb,
    MSVehicle** lastBlocked,
    MSVehicle** firstBlocked) {
 
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << "\nWANTS_CHANGE\n" << SIMTIME
                  << std::setprecision(gPrecision)
                  << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                  << " lane=" << myVehicle.getLane()->getID()
                  << " pos=" << myVehicle.getPositionOnLane()
                  << " posLat=" << myVehicle.getLateralPositionOnLane()
                  << " speed=" << myVehicle.getSpeed()
                  << " considerChangeTo=" << (laneOffset == -1  ? "right" : "left")
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    const int result = _wantsChange(laneOffset, msgPass, blocked, leader, follower, neighLead, neighFollow, neighLane, preb, *lastBlocked, *firstBlocked);
 
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " result=" << toString((LaneChangeAction)result) << " blocked=" << toString((LaneChangeAction)blocked) << "\n\n\n";
    }
#endif
 
    return result;
}
 
 
double
MSLCM_LC2013::patchSpeed(const double min, const double wanted, const double max, const MSCFModel& cfModel) {
 
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << "\nPATCH_SPEED\n"
                  << SIMTIME
                  << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                  << " lane=" << myVehicle.getLane()->getID()
                  << " pos=" << myVehicle.getPositionOnLane()
                  << " v=" << myVehicle.getSpeed()
                  << " min=" << min
                  << " wanted=" << wanted
                  << " max=" << max
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    // negative min speed may be passed when using ballistic updated
    const double newSpeed = _patchSpeed(MAX2(min, 0.0), wanted, max, cfModel);
 
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        const std::string patched = (wanted != newSpeed ? " patched=" + toString(newSpeed) : "");
        std::cout << patched
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    return newSpeed;
}
 
 
double
MSLCM_LC2013::_patchSpeed(double min, const double wanted, double max, const MSCFModel& cfModel) {
    int state = myOwnState;
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout
                << "\n" << SIMTIME << std::setprecision(gPrecision)
                << " patchSpeed state=" << toString((LaneChangeAction)state) << " myLCAccelerationAdvices=" << toString(myLCAccelerationAdvices)
                << "\n  speed=" << myVehicle.getSpeed() << " min=" << min << " wanted=" << wanted
                << "\n  myLeadingBlockerLength=" << myLeadingBlockerLength
                << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    // letting vehicles merge in at the end of the lane in case of counter-lane change, step#2
    double nVSafe = wanted;
    bool gotOne = false;
    //   if we want to change and have a blocking leader and there is enough room for him in front of us
    if (myLeadingBlockerLength != 0) {
        double space = myLeftSpace - myLeadingBlockerLength - POSITION_EPS;
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " myLeftSpace=" << myLeftSpace << " myLeadingBlockerLength=" << myLeadingBlockerLength << " space=" << space << "\n";
        }
#endif
        if (space > 0 && (myVehicle.getLane()->isNormal() || myVehicle.getCurrentEdge()->isRoundabout())) {
            // compute speed for decelerating towards a place which allows the blocking leader to merge in in front
            const double vMinEmergency = myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().minNextSpeedEmergency(myVehicle.getSpeed(), &myVehicle);
            double safe = cfModel.stopSpeed(&myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(), space, MSCFModel::CalcReason::LANE_CHANGE);
            max = MIN2(max, MAX2(safe, vMinEmergency));
            // if we are approaching this place
            if (safe < wanted) {
                // return this speed as the speed to use
                if (safe < min) {
                    if (safe >= vMinEmergency) {
                        // permit harder braking if needed and helpful
                        min = MAX2(vMinEmergency, safe);
                    }
                }
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " slowing down for leading blocker, safe=" << safe << (safe + NUMERICAL_EPS < min ? " (not enough)" : "") << "\n";
                }
#endif
                nVSafe = MAX2(min, safe);
                gotOne = true;
            }
        }
    }
 
    const double coopWeight = MAX2(0.0, MIN2(1.0, myCooperativeSpeed));
    for (auto i : myLCAccelerationAdvices) {
        double a = i.first;
        double v = myVehicle.getSpeed() + ACCEL2SPEED(a);
 
        if (v >= min && v <= max && (MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate
                                     // ballistic update: (negative speeds may appear, e.g. min<0, v<0), BUT:
                                     // XXX: LaneChanging returns -1 to indicate no restrictions, which leads to probs here (Leo), refs. #2577
                                     //      As a quick fix, we just dismiss cases where v=-1
                                     //      VERY rarely (whenever a requested help-acceleration is really indicated by v=-1)
                                     //      this can lead to failing lane-change attempts, though)
                                     || v != -1)) {
            if (i.second & LCA_CHANGE_TO_HELP) {
                nVSafe = MIN2(v * coopWeight + (1 - coopWeight) * wanted, nVSafe);
            } else {
                // own advice, no scaling needed
                nVSafe = MIN2(v, nVSafe);
            }
            gotOne = true;
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " got nVSafe=" << nVSafe << " isOwn: " << i.second << " rawV=" << v << "\n";
            }
#endif
        } else {
            if (v < min) {
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " ignoring low nVSafe=" << v << " min=" << min << "\n";
                }
#endif
            } else {
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " ignoring high nVSafe=" << v << " max=" << max << "\n";
                }
#endif
            }
        }
    }
    // myDontBrake is used in counter-lane-change situations with relief connection
    if (gotOne && !myDontBrake) {
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " got vSafe\n";
        }
#endif
        return nVSafe;
    }
 
    // check whether the vehicle is blocked
    if ((state & LCA_WANTS_LANECHANGE) != 0 && (state & LCA_BLOCKED) != 0) {
        if ((state & LCA_STRATEGIC) != 0) {
            // necessary decelerations are controlled via vSafe. If there are
            // none it means we should speed up
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_WANTS_LANECHANGE (strat, no vSafe)\n";
            }
#endif
            return (max + wanted) /  2.0;
        } else if ((state & LCA_COOPERATIVE) != 0) {
            // only minor adjustments in speed should be done
            if ((state & LCA_BLOCKED_BY_LEADER) != 0) {
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_BLOCKED_BY_LEADER (coop)\n";
                }
#endif
                if (wanted >= 0.) {
                    return (MAX2(0., min) + wanted) /  2.0;
                } else {
                    return wanted;
                }
            }
            if ((state & LCA_BLOCKED_BY_FOLLOWER) != 0) {
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_BLOCKED_BY_FOLLOWER (coop)\n";
                }
#endif
                return (max + wanted) /  2.0;
            }
            //} else { // VARIANT_16
            //    // only accelerations should be performed
            //    if ((state & LCA_BLOCKED_BY_FOLLOWER) != 0) {
            //        if (gDebugFlag2) std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_BLOCKED_BY_FOLLOWER\n";
            //        return (max + wanted) /  2.0;
            //    }
        }
    }
 
    /*
    // decelerate if being a blocking follower
    //  (and does not have to change lanes)
    if ((state & LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER) != 0) {
        if (fabs(max - myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().maxNextSpeed(myVehicle.getSpeed(), &myVehicle)) < 0.001 && min == 0) { // !!! was standing
            if (gDebugFlag2) std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER (standing)\n";
            return 0;
        }
        if (gDebugFlag2) std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER\n";
 
        //return min; // VARIANT_3 (brakeStrong)
        return (min + wanted) /  2.0;
    }
    if ((state & LCA_AMBACKBLOCKER) != 0) {
        if (max <= myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().maxNextSpeed(myVehicle.getSpeed(), &myVehicle) && min == 0) { // !!! was standing
            if (gDebugFlag2) std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_AMBACKBLOCKER (standing)\n";
            //return min; VARIANT_9 (backBlockVSafe)
            return nVSafe;
        }
    }
    if ((state & LCA_AMBACKBLOCKER_STANDING) != 0) {
        if (gDebugFlag2) std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_AMBACKBLOCKER_STANDING\n";
        //return min;
        return nVSafe;
    }
    */
 
    // accelerate if being a blocking leader or blocking follower not able to brake
    //  (and does not have to change lanes)
    if ((state & LCA_AMBLOCKINGLEADER) != 0 && myCooperativeSpeed >= 0) {
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_AMBLOCKINGLEADER\n";
        }
#endif
        return (max + wanted) /  2.0;
    }
 
    if ((state & LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER_DONTBRAKE) != 0) {
#ifdef DEBUG_PATCH_SPEED
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER_DONTBRAKE\n";
        }
#endif
        /*
        // VARIANT_4 (dontbrake)
        if (max <= myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().maxNextSpeed(myVehicle.getSpeed(), &myVehicle) && min == 0) { // !!! was standing
            return wanted;
        }
        return (min + wanted) /  2.0;
        */
    }
    if (!myVehicle.getLane()->getEdge().hasLaneChanger()) {
        // remove chaning information if on a road with a single lane
        changed();
    }
    return wanted;
}
 
 
void*
MSLCM_LC2013::inform(void* info, MSVehicle* sender) {
    UNUSED_PARAMETER(sender);
    Info* pinfo = (Info*)info;
    assert(pinfo->first >= 0 || !MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate);
    addLCSpeedAdvice(pinfo->first, LCA_CHANGE_TO_HELP);
    myOwnState |= pinfo->second;
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMED
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << SIMTIME
                  << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                  << " informedBy=" << sender->getID()
                  << " info=" << pinfo->second
                  << " vSafe=" << pinfo->first
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
    delete pinfo;
    return (void*) true;
}
 
double
MSLCM_LC2013::overtakeDistance(const MSVehicle* follower, const MSVehicle* leader, const double gap, double followerSpeed, double leaderSpeed) {
    followerSpeed = followerSpeed == INVALID_SPEED ? follower->getSpeed() : followerSpeed;
    leaderSpeed = leaderSpeed == INVALID_SPEED ? leader->getSpeed() : leaderSpeed;
    double overtakeDist = (gap // drive to back of leader
                           + leader->getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap() // drive to front of leader
                           + follower->getVehicleType().getLength() // follower back reaches leader front
                           + leader->getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap( // save gap to leader
                               leader, follower, leaderSpeed, followerSpeed, follower->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()));
    return MAX2(overtakeDist, 0.);
}
 
 
double
MSLCM_LC2013::informLeader(MSAbstractLaneChangeModel::MSLCMessager& msgPass,
                           int blocked,
                           int dir,
                           const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& neighLead,
                           double remainingSeconds) {
    double plannedSpeed = myVehicle.getSpeed();
    if (!isOpposite()) {
        plannedSpeed = MIN2(plannedSpeed,
                            myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().stopSpeed(&myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(), myLeftSpace - myLeadingBlockerLength));
    }
    for (auto i : myLCAccelerationAdvices) {
        const double a = i.first;
        if (a >= -myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()) {
            plannedSpeed = MIN2(plannedSpeed, myVehicle.getSpeed() + ACCEL2SPEED(a));
        }
    }
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << "\nINFORM_LEADER"
                  << "\nspeed=" <<  myVehicle.getSpeed() << " planned=" << plannedSpeed << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    const MSVehicle* const nv = neighLead.first;
    if (nv == nullptr) {
        // not overtaking
        return plannedSpeed;
    }
    const double neighNextSpeed = MIN2(nv->getSpeed() - ACCEL2SPEED(MAX2(1.0, -nv->getAcceleration())),
            // assume that we know when a neighboring vehicle intends to stop
            nv->nextStopDist() <= nv->getLane()->getLength() ? nv->getCarFollowModel().minNextSpeed(nv->getSpeed(), nv) : nv->getSpeed());
    double neighNextGap;
    if (MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate) {
        neighNextGap = neighLead.second + SPEED2DIST(neighNextSpeed - plannedSpeed);
    } else {
        neighNextGap = neighLead.second + SPEED2DIST((nv->getSpeed() + neighNextSpeed) / 2) - SPEED2DIST((myVehicle.getSpeed() + plannedSpeed) / 2);
    }
    if ((blocked & LCA_BLOCKED_BY_LEADER) != 0) {
        if (MSLCHelper::divergentRoute(myVehicle, *nv)) {
            //std::cout << SIMTIME << " ego=" << myVehicle.getID() << " ignoresDivergentBlockingLeader=" << nv->getID() << "\n";
            return plannedSpeed;
        }
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << " blocked by leader nv=" <<  nv->getID() << " nvSpeed=" << nv->getSpeed() << " needGap="
                      << myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(&myVehicle, nv, myVehicle.getSpeed(), nv->getSpeed(), nv->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()) << "\n";
        }
#endif
        // decide whether we want to overtake the leader or follow it
        double overtakeTime;
        const double overtakeDist = overtakeDistance(&myVehicle, nv, neighLead.second);
        const double dv = plannedSpeed - nv->getSpeed();
 
        if (dv > myOvertakeDeltaSpeedFactor * myVehicle.getLane()->getSpeedLimit()) {
            overtakeTime = overtakeDist / dv;
        } else if (nv->getWaitingSeconds() > BLOCKER_IS_BLOCKED_TIME_THRESHOLD
                   && !isOpposite()
                   && (myVehicle.getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap() + nv->getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap()) <= myLeftSpace) {
            // -> set overtakeTime to indicate possibility of overtaking (only if there is enough space)
            overtakeTime = remainingSeconds - 1;
        } else {
            // -> set overtakeTime to something indicating impossibility of overtaking
            overtakeTime = remainingSeconds + 1;
        }
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME << " informLeader() of " << myVehicle.getID()
                      << "\nnv = " << nv->getID()
                      << "\nplannedSpeed = " << plannedSpeed
                      << "\nleaderSpeed = " << nv->getSpeed()
                      << "\nmyLeftSpace = " << myLeftSpace
                      << "\nremainingSeconds = " << remainingSeconds
                      << "\novertakeDist = " << overtakeDist
                      << "\novertakeTime = " << overtakeTime
                      << std::endl;
        }
#endif
 
        if ((dv < myOvertakeDeltaSpeedFactor * myVehicle.getLane()->getSpeedLimit()
                // overtaking on the right on an uncongested highway is forbidden (noOvertakeLCLeft)
                || (dir == LCA_MLEFT && avoidOvertakeRight(neighLead.first))
                // not enough space to overtake?
                || (MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate && myLeftSpace - myLeadingBlockerLength - myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().brakeGap(myVehicle.getSpeed()) < overtakeDist)
                // using brakeGap() without headway seems adequate in a situation where the obstacle (the lane end) is not moving [XXX implemented in branch ticket860, can be used in general if desired, refs. #2575] (Leo).
                || (!MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate && myLeftSpace - myLeadingBlockerLength - myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().brakeGap(myVehicle.getSpeed(), getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel(), 0.) < overtakeDist)
                // not enough time to overtake?        (skipped for a stopped leader [currently only for ballistic update XXX: check if appropriate for euler, too, refs. #2575] to ensure that it can be overtaken if only enough space is exists) (Leo)
                || (remainingSeconds < overtakeTime && (MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate || !nv->isStopped())))
                // opposite driving and must overtake
                && (!neighLead.first->isStopped() || (isOpposite() && neighLead.second >= 0))) {
            // cannot overtake
            msgPass.informNeighLeader(new Info(std::numeric_limits<double>::max(), dir | LCA_AMBLOCKINGLEADER), &myVehicle);
            // slow down smoothly to follow leader
            // account for minor decelerations by the leader (dawdling)
            double targetSpeed = MAX3(myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().minNextSpeed(myVehicle.getSpeed(), &myVehicle),
                                      getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(&myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(), neighNextGap, neighNextSpeed, nv->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()),
                                      // avoid changing on intersection
                                      (myVehicle.getLane()->isNormal() || myVehicle.getCurrentEdge()->isRoundabout()) ? 0 : ACCEL2SPEED(myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxAccel()));
            if (targetSpeed < myVehicle.getSpeed()) {
                // slow down smoothly to follow leader
                const double decel = remainingSeconds == 0. ? myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel() :
                                     MIN2(myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel(),
                                          MAX2(MIN_FALLBEHIND, (myVehicle.getSpeed() - targetSpeed) / remainingSeconds));
                const double nextSpeed = MIN2(plannedSpeed, MAX2(0.0, myVehicle.getSpeed() - ACCEL2SPEED(decel)));
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << SIMTIME
                              << " cannot overtake leader nv=" << nv->getID()
                              << " dv=" << dv
                              << " myLookAheadSpeed=" << myLookAheadSpeed
                              << " myLeftSpace=" << myLeftSpace
                              << " overtakeDist=" << overtakeDist
                              << " overtakeTime=" << overtakeTime
                              << " remainingSeconds=" << remainingSeconds
                              << " currentGap=" << neighLead.second
                              << " brakeGap=" << myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().brakeGap(myVehicle.getSpeed(), getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel(), 0.)
                              << " neighNextSpeed=" << neighNextSpeed
                              << " neighNextGap=" << neighNextGap
                              << " targetSpeed=" << targetSpeed
                              << " nextSpeed=" << nextSpeed
                              << "\n";
                }
#endif
                addLCSpeedAdvice(nextSpeed, dir);
                return nextSpeed;
            } else {
                // leader is fast enough anyway
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << SIMTIME
                              << " cannot overtake fast leader nv=" << nv->getID()
                              << " dv=" << dv
                              << " myLookAheadSpeed=" << myLookAheadSpeed
                              << " myLeftSpace=" << myLeftSpace
                              << " overtakeDist=" << overtakeDist
                              << " myLeadingBlockerLength=" << myLeadingBlockerLength
                              << " overtakeTime=" << overtakeTime
                              << " remainingSeconds=" << remainingSeconds
                              << " currentGap=" << neighLead.second
                              << " neighNextSpeed=" << neighNextSpeed
                              << " neighNextGap=" << neighNextGap
                              << " targetSpeed=" << targetSpeed
                              << "\n";
                }
#endif
                addLCSpeedAdvice(targetSpeed, dir);
                return plannedSpeed;
            }
        } else {
            // overtaking, leader should not accelerate
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << SIMTIME
                          << " wants to overtake leader nv=" << nv->getID()
                          << " dv=" << dv
                          << " overtakeDist=" << overtakeDist
                          << " remainingSeconds=" << remainingSeconds
                          << " overtakeTime=" << overtakeTime
                          << " currentGap=" << neighLead.second
                          << " secureGap=" << nv->getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(nv, &myVehicle, nv->getSpeed(), myVehicle.getSpeed(), myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel())
                          << "\n";
            }
#endif
            // no need to pass a message if the neighbor is waiting/stuck anyway (but sending it would risk deadlock)
            if (nv->getWaitingSeconds() <= BLOCKER_IS_BLOCKED_TIME_THRESHOLD) {
                msgPass.informNeighLeader(new Info(nv->getSpeed(), dir | LCA_AMBLOCKINGLEADER), &myVehicle);
            }
            return -1;  // XXX: using -1 is ambiguous for the ballistic update! Currently this is being catched in patchSpeed() (Leo), consider returning INVALID_SPEED, refs. #2577
        }
    } else { // (remainUnblocked)
        // we are not blocked now. make sure we stay far enough from the leader
        const double targetSpeed = MAX2(
                                       myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().minNextSpeed(myVehicle.getSpeed(), &myVehicle),
                                       getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(&myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(), neighNextGap, neighNextSpeed, nv->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()));
        addLCSpeedAdvice(targetSpeed, dir);
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << " not blocked by leader nv=" <<  nv->getID()
                      << " nvSpeed=" << nv->getSpeed()
                      << " gap=" << neighLead.second
                      << " neighNextSpeed=" << neighNextSpeed
                      << " neighNextGap=" << neighNextGap
                      << " needGap=" << myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(&myVehicle, nv, myVehicle.getSpeed(), nv->getSpeed(), nv->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel())
                      << " targetSpeed=" << targetSpeed
                      << "\n";
        }
#endif
        return MIN2(targetSpeed, plannedSpeed);
    }
}
 
void
MSLCM_LC2013::informFollower(MSAbstractLaneChangeModel::MSLCMessager& msgPass,
                             int blocked,
                             int dir,
                             const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& neighFollow,
                             double remainingSeconds,
                             double plannedSpeed) {
 
    MSVehicle* nv = neighFollow.first;
    const double plannedAccel = SPEED2ACCEL(MAX2(MIN2(getCarFollowModel().getMaxAccel(), plannedSpeed - myVehicle.getSpeed()), -getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()));
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << "\nINFORM_FOLLOWER"
                  << "\nspeed=" <<  myVehicle.getSpeed() << " planned=" << plannedSpeed << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    // decide whether we will request help to cut in before the follower or allow to be overtaken
    if (nv != nullptr && MSLCHelper::unwillingToHelp(myVehicle, plannedSpeed, *nv)) {
        // @note: this check needs to come first because even if the follower is not blocking, getSpeedPreservingSecureGap may request a slow-down
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << "\n nv=" << nv->getID() << " not willing to help\n";
        }
#endif
        return;
    }
 
    if ((blocked & LCA_BLOCKED_BY_FOLLOWER) != 0 && nv != nullptr) {
        if (MSLCHelper::divergentRoute(myVehicle, *nv)) {
            //std::cout << SIMTIME << " ego=" << myVehicle.getID() << " ignoresDivergentBlockingFollower=" << nv->getID() << "\n";
            return;
        }
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << " blocked by follower nv=" <<  nv->getID() << " nvSpeed=" << nv->getSpeed() << " needGap="
                      << nv->getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(nv, &myVehicle, nv->getSpeed(), myVehicle.getSpeed(), myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()) << " planned=" << plannedSpeed <<  "\n";
        }
#endif
        // are we fast enough to cut in without any help?
        if (MAX2(plannedSpeed, 0.) - nv->getSpeed() >= HELP_OVERTAKE) {
            const double neededGap = nv->getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(nv, &myVehicle, nv->getSpeed(), plannedSpeed, myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel());
            if ((neededGap - neighFollow.second) / remainingSeconds < (MAX2(plannedSpeed, 0.) - nv->getSpeed())) {
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << " wants to cut in before  nv=" << nv->getID() << " without any help." << "\nneededGap = " << neededGap << "\n";
                }
#endif
                // follower might even accelerate but not to much
                // XXX: I don't understand this. The needed gap was determined for nv->getSpeed(), not for (plannedSpeed - HELP_OVERTAKE)?! (Leo), refs. #2578
                msgPass.informNeighFollower(new Info(MAX2(plannedSpeed, 0.) - HELP_OVERTAKE, dir | LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER), &myVehicle);
                return;
            }
        }
 
        // PARAMETERS
        // assume other vehicle will assume the equivalent of 1 second of
        // maximum deceleration to help us (will probably be spread over
        // multiple seconds)
        // -----------
        const double helpDecel = nv->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel() * HELP_DECEL_FACTOR;
 
        // follower's new speed in next step
        double neighNewSpeed;
        // follower's new speed after 1s.
        double neighNewSpeed1s;
        // velocity difference, gap after follower-deceleration
        double dv, decelGap;
 
        if (MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate) {
            // euler
            neighNewSpeed = MAX2(0., nv->getSpeed() - ACCEL2SPEED(helpDecel));
            neighNewSpeed1s = MAX2(0., nv->getSpeed() - helpDecel); // TODO: consider introduction of a configurable anticipationTime here (see far below in the !blocked part). Refs. #2578
            // change in the gap between ego and blocker over 1 second (not STEP!)
            // XXX: though here it is calculated as if it were one step!? (Leo) Refs. #2578
            dv = plannedSpeed - neighNewSpeed1s; // XXX: what is this quantity (if TS!=1)?
            // new gap between follower and self in case the follower does brake for 1s
            // XXX: if the step-length is not 1s., this is not the gap after 1s. deceleration!
            //      And this formula overestimates the real gap. Isn't that problematic? (Leo)
            //      Below, it seems that decelGap > secureGap is taken to indicate the possibility
            //      to cut in within the next time-step. However, this is not the case, if TS<1s.,
            //      since decelGap is (not exactly, though!) the gap after 1s. Refs. #2578
            decelGap = neighFollow.second + dv;
        } else {
            // ballistic
            // negative newSpeed-extrapolation possible, if stop lies within the next time-step
            // XXX: this code should work for the euler case as well, since gapExtrapolation() takes
            //      care of this, but for TS!=1 we will have different behavior (see previous remark) Refs. #2578
            neighNewSpeed = nv->getSpeed() - ACCEL2SPEED(helpDecel);
            neighNewSpeed1s = nv->getSpeed() - helpDecel;
 
            dv = myVehicle.getSpeed() - nv->getSpeed(); // current velocity difference
            decelGap = getCarFollowModel().gapExtrapolation(1., neighFollow.second, myVehicle.getSpeed(),
                       nv->getSpeed(), plannedAccel, -helpDecel, myVehicle.getMaxSpeedOnLane(), nv->getMaxSpeedOnLane());
        }
 
        const double secureGap = nv->getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(nv, &myVehicle, MAX2(neighNewSpeed1s, 0.),
                                 MAX2(plannedSpeed, 0.), myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel());
 
        const double onRampThreshold = myVehicle.getLane()->getSpeedLimit() * 0.8 * myExperimentalParam1 * (1 - myVehicle.getImpatience());
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME
                      << " speed=" << myVehicle.getSpeed()
                      << " plannedSpeed=" << plannedSpeed
                      << " threshold=" << onRampThreshold
                      << " neighNewSpeed=" << neighNewSpeed
                      << " neighNewSpeed1s=" << neighNewSpeed1s
                      << " dv=" << dv
                      << " gap=" << neighFollow.second
                      << " decelGap=" << decelGap
                      << " secureGap=" << secureGap
                      << "\n";
        }
#endif
        // prevent vehicles on an on ramp stopping the main flow
        if (dir == LCA_MLEFT
                && myVehicle.getLane()->isAccelLane()
                && neighNewSpeed1s < onRampThreshold) {
            return;
        }
 
        if (decelGap > 0 && decelGap >= secureGap) {
            // XXX: This does not assure that the leader can cut in in the next step if TS < 1 (see above)
            //      this seems to be supposed in the following (euler code)...?! (Leo) Refs. #2578
 
            // if the blocking follower brakes it could help
            // how hard does it actually need to be?
            // to be safe in the next step the following equation has to hold for the follower's vsafe:
            //   vsafe <= followSpeed(gap=currentGap - SPEED2DIST(vsafe), ...)
            double vsafe, vsafe1;
 
            if (MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate) {
                // euler
                // we compute an upper bound on vsafe by doing the computation twice
                vsafe1 = MAX2(neighNewSpeed, nv->getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(
                                  nv, nv->getSpeed(), neighFollow.second + SPEED2DIST(plannedSpeed), plannedSpeed, getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()));
                vsafe = MAX2(neighNewSpeed, nv->getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(
                                 nv, nv->getSpeed(), neighFollow.second + SPEED2DIST(plannedSpeed - vsafe1), plannedSpeed, getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()));
                //assert(vsafe <= vsafe1); assertion does not hold for models with randomness in followSpeed (W99)
            } else {
                // ballistic
 
                // XXX: This block should actually do as well for euler update (TODO: test!), refs #2575
                // we compute an upper bound on vsafe
                // next step's gap without help deceleration (nv's speed assumed constant)
                double nextGap = getCarFollowModel().gapExtrapolation(TS,
                                 neighFollow.second, myVehicle.getSpeed(),
                                 nv->getSpeed(), plannedAccel, 0,
                                 myVehicle.getMaxSpeedOnLane(), nv->getMaxSpeedOnLane());
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << "nextGap=" << nextGap << " (without help decel) \n";
                }
#endif
 
                // NOTE: the second argument of MIN2() can get larger than nv->getSpeed()
                vsafe1 = MIN2(nv->getSpeed(), MAX2(neighNewSpeed,
                                                   nv->getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(nv,
                                                           nv->getSpeed(), nextGap,
                                                           MAX2(0., plannedSpeed),
                                                           getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel())));
 
 
                // next step's gap with possibly less than maximal help deceleration (in case vsafe1 > neighNewSpeed)
                double decel2 = SPEED2ACCEL(nv->getSpeed() - vsafe1);
                nextGap = getCarFollowModel().gapExtrapolation(TS,
                          neighFollow.second, myVehicle.getSpeed(),
                          nv->getSpeed(), plannedAccel, -decel2,
                          myVehicle.getMaxSpeedOnLane(), nv->getMaxSpeedOnLane());
 
                // vsafe = MAX(neighNewSpeed, safe speed assuming next_gap)
                // Thus, the gap resulting from vsafe is larger or equal to next_gap
                // in contrast to the euler case, where nv's follow speed doesn't depend on the actual speed,
                // we need to assure, that nv doesn't accelerate
                vsafe = MIN2(nv->getSpeed(), MAX2(neighNewSpeed,
                                                  nv->getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(nv,
                                                          nv->getSpeed(), nextGap,
                                                          MAX2(0., plannedSpeed),
                                                          getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel())));
 
                assert(vsafe >= vsafe1 - NUMERICAL_EPS);
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << "nextGap=" << nextGap
                              << " (with vsafe1 and help decel) \nvsafe1=" << vsafe1
                              << " vsafe=" << vsafe
                              << "\n";
                }
#endif
 
                // For subsecond simulation, this might not lead to secure gaps for a long time,
                // we seek to establish a secure gap as soon as possible
                double nextSecureGap = nv->getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(nv, &myVehicle, vsafe, plannedSpeed, getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel());
 
                if (nextGap < nextSecureGap) {
                    // establish a secureGap as soon as possible
                    vsafe = neighNewSpeed;
                }
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << "nextGap=" << nextGap
                              << " minNextSecureGap=" << nextSecureGap
                              << " vsafe=" << vsafe << "\n";
                }
#endif
 
            }
            msgPass.informNeighFollower(
                new Info(vsafe, dir | LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER), &myVehicle);
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << " wants to cut in before nv=" << nv->getID()
                          << " vsafe1=" << vsafe1 << " vsafe=" << vsafe
                          << " newSecGap="
                          << nv->getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(nv, &myVehicle, vsafe,
                                  plannedSpeed,
                                  myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel())
                          << "\n";
            }
#endif
        } else if ((MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate && dv > 0 && dv * remainingSeconds > (secureGap - decelGap + POSITION_EPS))
                   || (!MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate && dv > 0 && dv * (remainingSeconds - 1) > secureGap - decelGap + POSITION_EPS)
                  ) {
 
            // XXX: Alternative formulation (encapsulating differences of euler and ballistic) TODO: test, refs. #2575
            // double eventualGap = getCarFollowModel().gapExtrapolation(remainingSeconds - 1., decelGap, plannedSpeed, neighNewSpeed1s);
            // } else if (eventualGap > secureGap + POSITION_EPS) {
 
 
            // NOTE: This case corresponds to the situation, where some time is left to perform the lc
            // For the ballistic case this is interpreted as follows:
            // If the follower breaks with helpDecel for one second, this vehicle maintains the plannedSpeed,
            // and both continue with their speeds for remainingSeconds seconds the gap will suffice for a laneChange
            // For the euler case we had the following comment:
            // 'decelerating once is sufficient to open up a large enough gap in time', but:
            // XXX: 1) Decelerating *once* does not necessarily lead to the gap decelGap! (if TS<1s.) (Leo)
            //      2) Probably, the if() for euler should test for dv * (remainingSeconds-1) > ..., too ?!, refs. #2578
            msgPass.informNeighFollower(new Info(neighNewSpeed, dir | LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER), &myVehicle);
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << " wants to cut in before nv=" << nv->getID() << " (eventually)\n";
            }
#endif
        } else if (dir == LCA_MRIGHT && nv->getLaneChangeModel().avoidOvertakeRight(&myVehicle)) {
            // XXX: check if this requires a special treatment for the ballistic update, refs. #2575
            const double vhelp = MAX2(neighNewSpeed, HELP_OVERTAKE);
            msgPass.informNeighFollower(new Info(vhelp, dir | LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER), &myVehicle);
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << " wants to cut in before nv=" << nv->getID() << " (nv cannot overtake right)\n";
            }
#endif
        } else {
            double vhelp = MAX2(nv->getSpeed(), myVehicle.getSpeed() + HELP_OVERTAKE);
            //if (dir == LCA_MRIGHT && myVehicle.getWaitingSeconds() > LCA_RIGHT_IMPATIENCE &&
            //        nv->getSpeed() > myVehicle.getSpeed()) {
            if (nv->getSpeed() > myVehicle.getSpeed() &&
                    ((dir == LCA_MRIGHT && myVehicle.getWaitingSeconds() > LCA_RIGHT_IMPATIENCE) // NOTE: it might be considered to use myVehicle.getAccumulatedWaitingSeconds() > LCA_RIGHT_IMPATIENCE instead (Leo). Refs. #2578
                     || (dir == LCA_MLEFT && plannedSpeed > CUT_IN_LEFT_SPEED_THRESHOLD) // VARIANT_22 (slowDownLeft)
                     // XXX this is a hack to determine whether the vehicles is on an on-ramp. This information should be retrieved from the network itself
                     || (dir == LCA_MLEFT && myVehicle.getLane()->getLength() > MAX_ONRAMP_LENGTH)
                    )) {
                // let the follower slow down to increase the likelihood that later vehicles will be slow enough to help
                // follower should still be fast enough to open a gap
                // XXX: The probability for that success would be larger if the slow down of the appropriate following vehicle
                //      would take place without the immediate follower slowing down. We might consider to model reactions of
                //      vehicles that are not immediate followers. (Leo) -> see ticket #2532
                vhelp = MAX2(neighNewSpeed, myVehicle.getSpeed() + HELP_OVERTAKE);
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    // NOTE: the condition labeled "VARIANT_22" seems to imply that this could as well concern the *left* follower?! (Leo)
                    //       Further, vhelp might be larger than nv->getSpeed(), so the request issued below is not to slow down!? (see below) Refs. #2578
                    std::cout << " wants right follower to slow down a bit\n";
                }
#endif
                if (MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate) {
                    // euler
                    if ((nv->getSpeed() - myVehicle.getSpeed()) / helpDecel < remainingSeconds) {
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
                        if (DEBUG_COND) {
                            // NOTE: the condition labeled "VARIANT_22" seems to imply that this could as well concern the *left* follower?! Refs. #2578
                            std::cout << " wants to cut in before right follower nv=" << nv->getID() << " (eventually)\n";
                        }
#endif
                        // XXX: I don't understand. This vhelp might be larger than nv->getSpeed() but the above condition seems to rely
                        //      on the reasoning that if nv breaks with helpDecel for remaining Seconds, nv will be so slow, that this
                        //      vehicle will be able to cut in. But nv might have overtaken this vehicle already (or am I missing sth?). (Leo)
                        //      Ad: To my impression, the intention behind allowing larger speeds for the blocking follower is to prevent a
                        //      situation, where an overlapping follower keeps blocking the ego vehicle. Refs. #2578
                        msgPass.informNeighFollower(new Info(vhelp, dir | LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER), &myVehicle);
                        return;
                    }
                } else {
 
                    // ballistic (this block is a bit different to the logic in the euler part, but in general suited to work on euler as well.. must be tested <- TODO, refs. #2575)
                    // estimate gap after remainingSeconds.
                    // Assumptions:
                    // (A1) leader continues with currentSpeed. (XXX: That might be wrong: Think of accelerating on an on-ramp or of a congested region ahead!)
                    // (A2) follower breaks with helpDecel.
                    const double gapAfterRemainingSecs = getCarFollowModel().gapExtrapolation(
                            remainingSeconds, neighFollow.second, myVehicle.getSpeed(), nv->getSpeed(), 0, -helpDecel, myVehicle.getMaxSpeedOnLane(), nv->getMaxSpeedOnLane());
                    const double secureGapAfterRemainingSecs = nv->getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(nv, &myVehicle,
                            MAX2(nv->getSpeed() - remainingSeconds * helpDecel, 0.), myVehicle.getSpeed(), myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel());
                    if (gapAfterRemainingSecs >= secureGapAfterRemainingSecs) { // XXX: here it would be wise to check whether there is enough space for eventual braking if the maneuver doesn't succeed
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
                        if (DEBUG_COND) {
                            std::cout << " wants to cut in before follower nv=" << nv->getID() << " (eventually)\n";
                        }
#endif
                        // NOTE: ballistic uses neighNewSpeed instead of vhelp, see my note above. (Leo)
                        // TODO: recheck if this might cause suboptimal behaviour in some LC-situations. Refs. #2578
                        msgPass.informNeighFollower(new Info(neighNewSpeed, dir | LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER), &myVehicle);
                        return;
                    }
                }
 
 
            }
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << SIMTIME
                          << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                          << " informs follower " << nv->getID()
                          << " vhelp=" << vhelp
                          << "\n";
            }
#endif
 
            msgPass.informNeighFollower(new Info(vhelp, dir | LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER), &myVehicle);
            // This follower is supposed to overtake us. Slow down smoothly to allow this.
            const double overtakeDist = overtakeDistance(nv, &myVehicle, neighFollow.second, vhelp, plannedSpeed);
            // speed difference to create a sufficiently large gap
            const double needDV = overtakeDist / remainingSeconds;
            // make sure the deceleration is not to strong (XXX: should be assured in finalizeSpeed -> TODO: remove the MAX2 if agreed) -> prob with possibly non-existing maximal deceleration for som CF Models(?) Refs. #2578
            addLCSpeedAdvice(MAX2(vhelp - needDV, myVehicle.getSpeed() - ACCEL2SPEED(myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel())), dir);
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << SIMTIME
                          << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                          << " wants to be overtaken by=" << nv->getID()
                          << " overtakeDist=" << overtakeDist
                          << " vneigh=" << nv->getSpeed()
                          << " vhelp=" << vhelp
                          << " needDV=" << needDV
                          << " vsafe=" << myLCAccelerationAdvices.back().first
                          << "\n";
            }
#endif
        }
    } else if (neighFollow.first != nullptr && (blocked & LCA_BLOCKED_BY_LEADER)) {
        // we are not blocked by the follower now, make sure it remains that way
        const double vsafe = MSLCHelper::getSpeedPreservingSecureGap(myVehicle, *neighFollow.first, neighFollow.second, plannedSpeed);
        msgPass.informNeighFollower(new Info(vsafe, dir), &myVehicle);
 
#ifdef DEBUG_INFORMER
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << " wants to cut in before non-blocking follower nv=" << nv->getID() << "\n";
        }
#endif
    }
}
 
 
void
MSLCM_LC2013::prepareStep() {
    MSAbstractLaneChangeModel::prepareStep();
    // keep information about strategic change direction
    if (!isChangingLanes()) {
        myOwnState = (myOwnState & LCA_STRATEGIC) ? (myOwnState & LCA_WANTS_LANECHANGE) : 0;
    }
    myLeadingBlockerLength = 0;
    myLeftSpace = 0;
    myLCAccelerationAdvices.clear();
    myDontBrake = false;
    // truncate to work around numerical instability between different builds
    if (mySigma > 0 && !isChangingLanes()) {
        // disturb lateral position directly
        const double maxDist = SPEED2DIST(myVehicle.getVehicleType().getMaxSpeedLat());
        const double oldPosLat = myVehicle.getLateralPositionOnLane();
        const double overlap = myVehicle.getLateralOverlap();
        double scaledDelta;
        if (overlap > 0) {
            // return to within lane boundary
            scaledDelta = MIN2(overlap, maxDist);
            if (myVehicle.getLateralPositionOnLane() > 0) {
                scaledDelta *= -1;
            }
        } else {
            // random drift
            double deltaPosLat = OUProcess::step(oldPosLat,
                                                 myVehicle.getActionStepLengthSecs(),
                                                 MAX2(NUMERICAL_EPS, (1 - mySigma) * 100), mySigma) - oldPosLat;
            deltaPosLat = MAX2(MIN2(deltaPosLat, maxDist), -maxDist);
            scaledDelta = deltaPosLat * myVehicle.getSpeed() / myVehicle.getLane()->getSpeedLimit();
        }
        myVehicle.setLateralPositionOnLane(oldPosLat + scaledDelta);
        setSpeedLat(DIST2SPEED(scaledDelta));
    } else {
        resetSpeedLat();
    }
}
 
 
void
MSLCM_LC2013::changed() {
    myOwnState = 0;
    mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft = 0;
    mySpeedGainProbabilityRight = 0;
    myKeepRightProbability = 0;
    if (myVehicle.getBestLaneOffset() == 0) {
        // if we are not yet on our best lane there might still be unseen blockers
        // (during patchSpeed)
        myLeadingBlockerLength = 0;
        myLeftSpace = 0;
    }
    myLookAheadSpeed = LOOK_AHEAD_MIN_SPEED;
    myLCAccelerationAdvices.clear();
    myDontBrake = false;
    myLeadingBlockerLength = 0;
}
 
 
void
MSLCM_LC2013::resetState() {
    myOwnState = 0;
    mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft = 0;
    mySpeedGainProbabilityRight = 0;
    myKeepRightProbability = 0;
    myLeadingBlockerLength = 0;
    myLeftSpace = 0;
    myLookAheadSpeed = LOOK_AHEAD_MIN_SPEED;
    myLCAccelerationAdvices.clear();
    myDontBrake = false;
}
 
 
int
MSLCM_LC2013::_wantsChange(
    int laneOffset,
    MSAbstractLaneChangeModel::MSLCMessager& msgPass,
    int blocked,
    const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& leader,
    const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& follower,
    const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& neighLead,
    const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& neighFollow,
    const MSLane& neighLane,
    const std::vector<MSVehicle::LaneQ>& preb,
    MSVehicle* lastBlocked,
    MSVehicle* firstBlocked) {
    assert(laneOffset == 1 || laneOffset == -1);
    const SUMOTime currentTime = MSNet::getInstance()->getCurrentTimeStep();
    // compute bestLaneOffset
    MSVehicle::LaneQ curr, neigh, best;
    int bestLaneOffset = 0;
    // What do these "dists" mean? Please comment. (Leo) Ad: I now think the following:
    // currentDist is the distance that the vehicle can go on its route without having to
    // change lanes from the current lane. neighDist as currentDist for the considered target lane (i.e., neigh)
    // If this is true I suggest to put this into the docu of wantsChange()
    double currentDist = 0;
    double neighDist = 0;
    int currIdx = 0;
    const bool checkOpposite = &neighLane.getEdge() != &myVehicle.getLane()->getEdge();
    const MSLane* prebLane = myVehicle.getLane();
    if (prebLane->getEdge().isInternal()) {
        // internal edges are not kept inside the bestLanes structure
        if (isOpposite()) {
            prebLane = prebLane->getNormalPredecessorLane();
        } else {
            prebLane = prebLane->getLinkCont()[0]->getLane();
        }
    }
    // special case: vehicle considers changing to the opposite direction edge
    const int prebOffset = laneOffset;
    for (int p = 0; p < (int) preb.size(); ++p) {
        //if (DEBUG_COND) {
        //    std::cout << "  p=" << p << " prebLane=" << prebLane->getID() << " preb.p=" << preb[p].lane->getID() << "\n";
        //}
        if (preb[p].lane == prebLane && p + laneOffset >= 0) {
            assert(p + prebOffset < (int)preb.size());
            curr = preb[p];
            neigh = preb[p + prebOffset];
            currentDist = curr.length;
            neighDist = neigh.length;
            bestLaneOffset = curr.bestLaneOffset;
            if (bestLaneOffset == 0 && preb[p + prebOffset].bestLaneOffset == 0 && !checkOpposite) {
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                              << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                              << " bestLaneOffsetOld=" << bestLaneOffset
                              << " bestLaneOffsetNew=" << laneOffset
                              << "\n";
                }
#endif
                bestLaneOffset = prebOffset;
            }
            best = preb[p + bestLaneOffset];
            currIdx = p;
            break;
        }
    }
    assert(curr.lane != nullptr);
    assert(neigh.lane != nullptr);
    assert(best.lane != nullptr);
    // direction specific constants
    const bool right = (laneOffset == -1);
    const double posOnLane = getForwardPos();
    double driveToNextStop = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    if (myVehicle.nextStopDist() < std::numeric_limits<double>::max()
            && &myVehicle.getNextStop().lane->getEdge() == &myVehicle.getLane()->getEdge()) {
        // vehicle can always drive up to stop distance
        // @note this information is dynamic and thus not available in updateBestLanes()
        // @note: nextStopDist was compute before the vehicle moved
        driveToNextStop = myVehicle.nextStopDist();
        const double stopPos = posOnLane + myVehicle.nextStopDist() - myVehicle.getLastStepDist();
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME << std::setprecision(gPrecision) << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                      << " stopDist=" << myVehicle.nextStopDist()
                      << " lastDist=" << myVehicle.getLastStepDist()
                      << " stopPos=" << stopPos
                      << " currentDist=" << currentDist
                      << " neighDist=" << neighDist
                      << "\n";
        }
#endif
        currentDist = MAX2(currentDist, stopPos);
        neighDist = MAX2(neighDist, stopPos);
    }
    const int lca = (right ? LCA_RIGHT : LCA_LEFT);
    const int myLca = (right ? LCA_MRIGHT : LCA_MLEFT);
    const int lcaCounter = (right ? LCA_LEFT : LCA_RIGHT);
    bool changeToBest = (right && bestLaneOffset < 0) || (!right && bestLaneOffset > 0);
    // keep information about being a leader/follower
    int ret = (myOwnState & 0xffff0000);
    int req = 0; // the request to change or stay
 
    ret = slowDownForBlocked(lastBlocked, ret);
    if (lastBlocked != firstBlocked) {
        ret = slowDownForBlocked(firstBlocked, ret);
    }
 
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << SIMTIME
                  << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                  << " _wantsChange state=" << myOwnState
                  << " myLCAccelerationAdvices=" << toString(myLCAccelerationAdvices)
                  << " firstBlocked=" << Named::getIDSecure(firstBlocked)
                  << " lastBlocked=" << Named::getIDSecure(lastBlocked)
                  << " leader=" << Named::getIDSecure(leader.first)
                  << " leaderGap=" << leader.second
                  << " follower=" << Named::getIDSecure(follower.first)
                  << " followerGap=" << follower.second
                  << " neighLead=" << Named::getIDSecure(neighLead.first)
                  << " neighLeadGap=" << neighLead.second
                  << " neighFollow=" << Named::getIDSecure(neighFollow.first)
                  << " neighFollowGap=" << neighFollow.second
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    // we try to estimate the distance which is necessary to get on a lane
    //  we have to get on in order to keep our route
    // we assume we need something that depends on our velocity
    // and compare this with the free space on our wished lane
    //
    // if the free space is somehow(<-?) less than the space we need, we should
    //  definitely try to get to the desired lane
    //
    // this rule forces our vehicle to change the lane if a lane changing is necessary soon
 
 
    // we do not want the lookahead distance to change all the time so we let it decay slowly
    // (in contrast, growth is applied instantaneously)
    if (myVehicle.getSpeed() > myLookAheadSpeed) {
        myLookAheadSpeed = myVehicle.getSpeed();
    } else {
        // memory decay factor for this action step
        const double memoryFactor = 1. - (1. - LOOK_AHEAD_SPEED_MEMORY) * myVehicle.getActionStepLengthSecs();
        assert(memoryFactor > 0.);
        myLookAheadSpeed = MAX2(LOOK_AHEAD_MIN_SPEED,
                                (memoryFactor * myLookAheadSpeed + (1 - memoryFactor) * myVehicle.getSpeed()));
    }
    double laDist = myLookAheadSpeed * LOOK_FORWARD * myStrategicParam * (right ? 1 : myLookaheadLeft);
    laDist += myVehicle.getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap() *  2.;
    const bool hasStoppedLeader = leader.first != 0 && leader.first->isStopped() && leader.second < (currentDist - posOnLane);
    const bool hasBidiLeader = myVehicle.getLane()->getBidiLane() != nullptr && MSLCHelper::isBidiLeader(leader.first, curr.bestContinuations);
    const bool hasBidiNeighLeader = neighLane.getBidiLane() != nullptr && MSLCHelper::isBidiLeader(neighLead.first, neigh.bestContinuations);
 
    if (bestLaneOffset == 0 && hasBidiLeader) {
        // getting out of the way is enough to clear the blockage
        laDist = 0;
    } else if (bestLaneOffset == 0 && hasStoppedLeader) {
        // react to a stopped leader on the current lane
        // The value of laDist is doubled below for the check whether the lc-maneuver can be taken out
        // on the remaining distance (because the vehicle has to change back and forth). Therefore multiply with 0.5.
        laDist = 0.5 * (myVehicle.getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap()
                        + leader.first->getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap()
                        + leader.second);
    } else if (bestLaneOffset == laneOffset && neighLead.first != 0 && (neighLead.first->isStopped() || hasBidiNeighLeader) && neighLead.second < (currentDist - posOnLane)) {
        // react to a stopped leader on the target lane (if it is the bestLane)
        if (isOpposite()) {
            // always allow changing back
            laDist = (myVehicle.getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap()
                      + neighLead.first->getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap()
                      + neighLead.second);
        } else if (!hasStoppedLeader &&
                   ((neighLead.second + myVehicle.getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap() + neighLead.first->getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap()) < (currentDist - posOnLane)
                    || hasBidiNeighLeader)) {
            // do not change to the target lane until passing the stopped vehicle
            // (unless the vehicle blocks our intended stopping position, then we have to wait anyway)
            changeToBest = false;
        }
    }
    if (myStrategicParam < 0) {
        laDist = -1e3; // never perform strategic change
    }
 
    // free space that is available for changing
    //const double neighSpeed = (neighLead.first != 0 ? neighLead.first->getSpeed() :
    //        neighFollow.first != 0 ? neighFollow.first->getSpeed() :
    //        best.lane->getSpeedLimit());
    // @note: while this lets vehicles change earlier into the correct direction
    // it also makes the vehicles more "selfish" and prevents changes which are necessary to help others
 
 
 
    // Next we assign to roundabout edges a larger distance than to normal edges
    // in order to decrease sense of lc urgency and induce higher usage of inner roundabout lanes.
    const double roundaboutBonus = MSLCHelper::getRoundaboutDistBonus(myVehicle, myRoundaboutBonus, curr, neigh, best);
    currentDist += roundaboutBonus;
    neighDist += roundaboutBonus;
 
    const double usableDist = MAX2(currentDist - posOnLane - best.occupation * JAM_FACTOR, driveToNextStop);
    //- (best.lane->getVehicleNumber() * neighSpeed)); // VARIANT 9 jfSpeed
    const double maxJam = MAX2(preb[currIdx + prebOffset].occupation, preb[currIdx].occupation);
    const double vMax = myVehicle.getLane()->getVehicleMaxSpeed(&myVehicle);
    const double neighVMax = neighLane.getVehicleMaxSpeed(&myVehicle);
    // upper bound which will be restricted successively
    double thisLaneVSafe = vMax;
    const bool checkOverTakeRight = avoidOvertakeRight(neighLead.first, true);
 
    double neighLeftPlace = MAX2(0.0, neighDist - posOnLane - maxJam);
    if (neighLead.first != 0 && neighLead.first->isStopped()) {
        neighLeftPlace = MIN2(neighLeftPlace, neighLead.second);
    }
 
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                  << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                  << " laSpeed=" << myLookAheadSpeed
                  << " laDist=" << laDist
                  << " currentDist=" << currentDist
                  << " usableDist=" << usableDist
                  << " bestLaneOffset=" << bestLaneOffset
                  << " best.occupation=" << best.occupation
                  << " best.length=" << best.length
                  << "\n roundaboutBonus=" << roundaboutBonus
                  << " maxJam=" << maxJam
                  << " neighDist=" << neighDist
                  << " neighLeftPlace=" << neighLeftPlace
                  << (hasBidiLeader ? " bidiLeader" : "")
                  << (hasBidiNeighLeader ? " bidiNeighLeader" : "")
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    bool changeLeftToAvoidOvertakeRight = false;
    if (changeToBest && bestLaneOffset == curr.bestLaneOffset
            && currentDistDisallows(usableDist, bestLaneOffset, laDist)) {
        ret = ret | lca | LCA_STRATEGIC | LCA_URGENT;
    } else {
        // VARIANT_20 (noOvertakeRight)
        if (neighLead.first != 0 && checkOverTakeRight && !right) {
            // check for slower leader on the left. we should not overtake but
            // rather move left ourselves (unless congested)
            const MSVehicle* nv = neighLead.first;
            double deltaV = 0.;
            double vSafe = 0.;
            if (canOvertakeRight(nv, neighLead.second, vMax - neighLane.getVehicleMaxSpeed(nv), HELP_OVERTAKE, vSafe, deltaV)) {
                if (mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft < myChangeProbThresholdLeft) {
                    vSafe = MAX2(vSafe, nv->getSpeed());
                }
                thisLaneVSafe = MIN2(thisLaneVSafe, vSafe);
                addLCSpeedAdvice(vSafe, myLca);
                // only generate impulse for overtaking left shortly before braking would be necessary
                const double deltaGapFuture = deltaV * 8;
                const double vSafeFuture = getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(
                                               &myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(), neighLead.second - deltaGapFuture, nv->getSpeed(), nv->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel());
                if (vSafeFuture < vSafe) {
                    const double relativeGain = deltaV / MAX2(vMax,
                                                RELGAIN_NORMALIZATION_MIN_SPEED);
                    mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft += (long long int)(myVehicle.getActionStepLengthSecs() * relativeGain * HYST_PRECISION);
                    changeLeftToAvoidOvertakeRight = true;
                }
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                              << " avoid overtaking on the right nv=" << nv->getID()
                              << " deltaV=" << deltaV
                              << " nvSpeed=" << nv->getSpeed()
                              << " speedGainL=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft / HYST_PRECISION
                              << " speedGainR=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityRight / HYST_PRECISION
                              << " planned acceleration =" << myLCAccelerationAdvices.back().first
                              << "\n";
                }
#endif
            }
        }
        const bool currFreeUntilNeighEnd = leader.first == nullptr || neighDist - posOnLane <= leader.second;
        const double overtakeDist = (leader.first == 0 || hasBidiLeader ? -1 :
                                     leader.second + myVehicle.getVehicleType().getLength() + leader.first->getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap());
        const double overtakeDist2 = (neighLead.first == 0 || !neighLead.first->isStopped() ? -1 :
                                      neighLead.second + myVehicle.getVehicleType().getLength() + neighLead.first->getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap());
        if (leader.first != 0 && (leader.first->isStopped() || hasBidiLeader) && leader.second < REACT_TO_STOPPED_DISTANCE
                // current destination leaves enough space to overtake the leader
                && MIN2(neighDist, currentDist) - posOnLane > overtakeDist
                // maybe do not overtake on the right at high speed
                && (!checkOverTakeRight || !right)
                && myStrategicParam >= 0
                && (neighLead.first == 0 || !neighLead.first->isStopped()
                    // neighboring stopped vehicle leaves enough space to overtake leader
                    || neighLead.second > overtakeDist
                    // if we cannot pass neighLead before reaching leader we must find another free lane
                    || (overtakeDist2 > leader.second && hasFreeLane(laneOffset, neighLead)))) {
            // avoid becoming stuck behind a stopped leader
            currentDist = myVehicle.getPositionOnLane() + leader.second;
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                          << " overtake " << (hasBidiLeader ? "bidi" : "stopped") << " leader=" << leader.first->getID()
                          << " overtakeDist=" << overtakeDist
                          << " overtakeDist2=" << overtakeDist
                          << " hasFreeLane=" << hasFreeLane(laneOffset, neighLead)
                          << " remaining=" << MIN2(neighDist, currentDist) - posOnLane
                          << "\n";
            }
#endif
            ret = ret | lca | LCA_STRATEGIC | LCA_URGENT;
        } else if (!changeToBest && currentDistDisallows(neighLeftPlace, abs(bestLaneOffset) + 2, laDist) && !hasBidiLeader) {
            // the opposite lane-changing direction should be done than the one examined herein
            //  we'll check whether we assume we could change anyhow and get back in time...
            //
            // this rule prevents the vehicle from moving in opposite direction of the best lane
            //  unless the way till the end where the vehicle has to be on the best lane
            //  is long enough
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " could not change back and forth in time (1) neighLeftPlace=" << neighLeftPlace << "\n";
            }
#endif
            ret = ret | LCA_STAY | LCA_STRATEGIC;
        } else if (bestLaneOffset == 0 && (neighLeftPlace * 2. < laDist)) {
            // the current lane is the best and a lane-changing would cause a situation
            //  of which we assume we will not be able to return to the lane we have to be on.
            // this rule prevents the vehicle from leaving the current, best lane when it is
            //  close to this lane's end
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " could not change back and forth in time (2) neighLeftPlace=" << neighLeftPlace << "\n";
            }
#endif
            ret = ret | LCA_STAY | LCA_STRATEGIC;
        } else if (bestLaneOffset == 0
                   && (leader.first == 0 || !leader.first->isStopped())
                   && !hasBidiLeader
                   && neigh.bestContinuations.back()->getLinkCont().size() != 0
                   && roundaboutBonus == 0
                   && !checkOpposite
                   && ((myStrategicParam >= 0 && neighDist < TURN_LANE_DIST)
                       // lane changing cannot possibly help
                       || (myStrategicParam < 0 && currFreeUntilNeighEnd))
                  ) {
            // VARIANT_21 (stayOnBest)
            // we do not want to leave the best lane for a lane which leads elsewhere
            // unless our leader is stopped or we are approaching a roundabout
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " does not want to leave the bestLane (neighDist=" << neighDist << ")\n";
            }
#endif
            ret = ret | LCA_STAY | LCA_STRATEGIC;
        }
    }
    // check for overriding TraCI requests
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime) << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " ret=" << toString((LaneChangeAction)ret);
    }
#endif
    // store state before canceling
    getCanceledState(laneOffset) |= ret | blocked;
    ret = myVehicle.influenceChangeDecision(ret);
    if ((ret & lcaCounter) != 0) {
        // we are not interested in traci requests for the opposite direction here
        ret &= ~(LCA_TRACI | lcaCounter | LCA_URGENT);
    }
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << " retAfterInfluence=" << toString((LaneChangeAction)ret) << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    if ((ret & LCA_STAY) != 0) {
        // remove TraCI flags because it should not be included in "state-without-traci"
        ret = getCanceledState(laneOffset);
        return ret;
    }
    if ((ret & LCA_URGENT) != 0) {
        // prepare urgent lane change maneuver
        // save the left space
        myLeftSpace = currentDist - posOnLane;
        if (changeToBest && abs(bestLaneOffset) > 1 && myVehicle.getNumRemainingEdges() > 1) {
            // there might be a vehicle which needs to counter-lane-change one lane further and we cannot see it yet
            myLeadingBlockerLength = MAX2(getExtraReservation(bestLaneOffset, neighDist - currentDist), myLeadingBlockerLength);
#ifdef DEBUG_SAVE_BLOCKER_LENGTH
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << "  reserving space for unseen blockers myLeadingBlockerLength=" << myLeadingBlockerLength << "\n";
            }
#endif
        }
 
        // letting vehicles merge in at the end of the lane in case of counter-lane change, step#1
        //   if there is a leader and he wants to change to the opposite direction
        const bool canContinue = curr.bestContinuations.size() > 1;
        bool canReserve = MSLCHelper::updateBlockerLength(myVehicle, neighLead.first, lcaCounter, myLeftSpace - POSITION_EPS, canContinue, myLeadingBlockerLength);
        if (firstBlocked != neighLead.first) {
            canReserve &= MSLCHelper::updateBlockerLength(myVehicle, firstBlocked, lcaCounter, myLeftSpace - POSITION_EPS, canContinue, myLeadingBlockerLength);
        }
#ifdef DEBUG_SAVE_BLOCKER_LENGTH
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME << " canReserve=" << canReserve << " canContinue=" << canContinue << "\n";
        }
#endif
        if (!canReserve && !isOpposite()) {
            // we have a low-priority relief connection
            // std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " cannotReserve for blockers\n";
            myDontBrake = canContinue;
        }
 
        const int remainingLanes = MAX2(1, abs(bestLaneOffset));
        const double urgency = isOpposite() ? OPPOSITE_URGENCY : URGENCY;
        const double remainingSeconds = ((ret & LCA_TRACI) == 0 ?
                                         //MAX2(STEPS2TIME(TS), (myLeftSpace-myLeadingBlockerLength) / MAX2(myLookAheadSpeed, NUMERICAL_EPS) / remainingLanes / urgency) :
                                         MAX2(STEPS2TIME(TS), myLeftSpace / MAX2(myLookAheadSpeed, NUMERICAL_EPS) / remainingLanes / urgency) :
                                         myVehicle.getInfluencer().changeRequestRemainingSeconds(currentTime));
        if (!hasBidiNeighLeader) {
            const double plannedSpeed = informLeader(msgPass, blocked, myLca, neighLead, remainingSeconds);
            // NOTE: for the  ballistic update case negative speeds may indicate a stop request,
            //       while informLeader returns -1 in that case. Refs. #2577
            if (plannedSpeed >= 0 || (!MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate && plannedSpeed != -1)) {
                // maybe we need to deal with a blocking follower
                const bool hasBidiNeighFollower = neighLane.getBidiLane() != nullptr && MSLCHelper::isBidiFollower(&myVehicle, neighFollow.first);
                if (!hasBidiNeighFollower) {
                    informFollower(msgPass, blocked, myLca, neighFollow, remainingSeconds, plannedSpeed);
                }
            }
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                          << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                          << " myLeftSpace=" << myLeftSpace
                          << " remainingSeconds=" << remainingSeconds
                          << " plannedSpeed=" << plannedSpeed
                          << "\n";
            }
#endif
        } else {
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                          << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                          << " myLeftSpace=" << myLeftSpace
                          << " remainingSeconds=" << remainingSeconds
                          << " hasBidiNeighLeader\n";
            }
#endif
        }
 
 
        // remove TraCI flags because it should not be included in "state-without-traci"
        ret = getCanceledState(laneOffset);
        return ret;
    }
 
    // we wish to anticipate future speeds. This is difficult when the leading
    // vehicles are still accelerating so we resort to comparing speeds for the near future (1s) in this case
    const bool acceleratingLeader = (neighLead.first != 0 && neighLead.first->getAcceleration() > 0)
                                    || (leader.first != 0 && leader.first->getAcceleration() > 0);
    double neighLaneVSafe = MIN2(neighVMax, anticipateFollowSpeed(neighLead, neighDist, neighVMax, acceleratingLeader));
    thisLaneVSafe = MIN2(thisLaneVSafe, anticipateFollowSpeed(leader, currentDist, vMax, acceleratingLeader));
    //std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " thisLaneVSafe=" << thisLaneVSafe << " neighLaneVSafe=" << neighLaneVSafe << "\n";
 
 
    // a high inconvenience prevents cooperative changes and the following things are inconvenient:
    // - a desire to change in the opposite direction for speedGain
    // - low anticipated speed on the neighboring lane
    // - high occupancy on the neighboring lane while in a roundabout
 
    double inconvenience = laneOffset < 0
                           ? (double)mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft / (double)myChangeProbThresholdRight
                           : (double)mySpeedGainProbabilityRight / (double)myChangeProbThresholdLeft;
 
    const double relSpeedDiff = thisLaneVSafe == 0 ? 0 : (thisLaneVSafe - neighLaneVSafe) / MAX2(thisLaneVSafe, neighLaneVSafe);
    inconvenience = MAX2(relSpeedDiff, inconvenience);
    inconvenience = MIN2(1.0, inconvenience);
 
    const bool speedGainInconvenient = inconvenience > myCooperativeParam;
    const bool neighOccupancyInconvenient = neigh.lane->getBruttoOccupancy() > curr.lane->getBruttoOccupancy();
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                  << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                  << " speedGainL=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft / HYST_PRECISION
                  << " speedGainR=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityRight / HYST_PRECISION
                  << " neighSpeedFactor=" << (thisLaneVSafe / neighLaneVSafe - 1)
                  << " inconvenience=" << inconvenience
                  << " speedInconv=" << speedGainInconvenient
                  << " occInconv=" << neighOccupancyInconvenient
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    // VARIANT_15
    if (roundaboutBonus > 0) {
 
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                      << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                      << " roundaboutBonus=" << roundaboutBonus
                      << " myLeftSpace=" << myLeftSpace
                      << "\n";
        }
#endif
        // try to use the inner lanes of a roundabout to increase throughput
        // unless we are approaching the exit
        if (lca == LCA_LEFT) {
            // if inconvenience is not too high, request collaborative change (currently only for ballistic update)
            // TODO: test this for euler update! Refs. #2575
            if (MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate || !neighOccupancyInconvenient) {
//                if(MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate || !speedGainInconvenient){
                req = ret | lca | LCA_COOPERATIVE;
            }
        } else {
            // if inconvenience is not too high, request collaborative change (currently only for ballistic update)
            if (MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate || neighOccupancyInconvenient) {
//            if(MSGlobals::gSemiImplicitEulerUpdate || speedGainInconvenient){
                req = ret | LCA_STAY | LCA_COOPERATIVE;
            }
        }
        if (!cancelRequest(req, laneOffset)) {
            return ret | req;
        }
    }
 
    // let's also regard the case where the vehicle is driving on a highway...
    //  in this case, we do not want to get to the dead-end of an on-ramp
    if (right) {
        if (bestLaneOffset == 0 && myVehicle.getLane()->getSpeedLimit() > 80. / 3.6 && myLookAheadSpeed > SUMO_const_haltingSpeed) {
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " does not want to get stranded on the on-ramp of a highway\n";
            }
#endif
            req = ret | LCA_STAY | LCA_STRATEGIC;
            if (!cancelRequest(req, laneOffset)) {
                return ret | req;
            }
        }
    }
    // --------
 
    // -------- make place on current lane if blocking follower
    //if (amBlockingFollowerPlusNB()) {
    //    std::cout << myVehicle.getID() << ", " << currentDistAllows(neighDist, bestLaneOffset, laDist)
    //        << " neighDist=" << neighDist
    //        << " currentDist=" << currentDist
    //        << "\n";
    //}
 
    if (amBlockingFollowerPlusNB()
            && (!speedGainInconvenient)
            && ((myOwnState & myLca) != 0) // VARIANT_6 : counterNoHelp
            && (changeToBest || currentDistAllows(neighDist, abs(bestLaneOffset) + 1, laDist))) {
 
        // VARIANT_2 (nbWhenChangingToHelp)
#ifdef DEBUG_COOPERATE
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                      << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                      << " wantsChangeToHelp=" << (right ? "right" : "left")
                      << " state=" << myOwnState
                      << (((myOwnState & myLca) == 0) ? " (counter)" : "")
                      << "\n";
        }
#endif
        req = ret | lca | LCA_COOPERATIVE | LCA_URGENT ;//| LCA_CHANGE_TO_HELP;
        if (!cancelRequest(req, laneOffset)) {
            if ((blocked & LCA_BLOCKED_BY_LEFT_FOLLOWER) && !right && mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft > (long long int)(mySpeedGainUrgency * HYST_PRECISION)) {
                MSVehicle* nv = neighFollow.first;
                const bool hasBidiNeighFollower = neighLane.getBidiLane() != nullptr && MSLCHelper::isBidiFollower(&myVehicle, nv);
                if (nv != nullptr && !hasBidiNeighFollower && !MSLCHelper::unwillingToHelp(myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(), *nv)) {
                    const double helpSpeed = MAX2(nv->getCarFollowModel().minNextSpeed(nv->getSpeed(), nv), myVehicle.getSpeed() - 1);
                    msgPass.informNeighFollower(new Info(helpSpeed, myLca | LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER), &myVehicle);
                }
            }
            return ret | req;
        }
    }
 
    // --------
 
 
    //if ((blocked & LCA_BLOCKED) != 0) {
    //    return ret;
    //}
 
    // -------- higher speed
    //if ((congested(neighLead.first) && neighLead.second < 20) || predInteraction(leader.first)) { //!!!
    //    return ret;
    //}
 
    if (neighLane.getEdge().getPersons().size() > 0) {
        // react to pedestrians
        adaptSpeedToPedestrians(myVehicle.getLane(), thisLaneVSafe);
        adaptSpeedToPedestrians(&neighLane, neighLaneVSafe);
    }
 
    const double relativeGain = (neighLaneVSafe - thisLaneVSafe) / MAX2(neighLaneVSafe,
                                RELGAIN_NORMALIZATION_MIN_SPEED);
 
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                  << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                  << " currentDist=" << currentDist
                  << " neighDist=" << neighDist
                  << " thisVSafe=" << thisLaneVSafe
                  << " neighVSafe=" << neighLaneVSafe
                  << " relGain=" << toString(relativeGain, 8)
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    if (right) {
        // ONLY FOR CHANGING TO THE RIGHT
        if (thisLaneVSafe - 5 / 3.6 > neighLaneVSafe) {
            // ok, the current lane is faster than the right one...
            mySpeedGainProbabilityRight = (long long int)((double)mySpeedGainProbabilityRight * pow(0.5, myVehicle.getActionStepLengthSecs()));
            //myKeepRightProbability /= 2.0;
        } else {
            // ok, the current lane is not (much) faster than the right one
            mySpeedGainProbabilityRight += (long long int)(myVehicle.getActionStepLengthSecs() * relativeGain * HYST_PRECISION);
 
            // honor the obligation to keep right (Rechtsfahrgebot)
            const double roadSpeedFactor = vMax / myVehicle.getLane()->getSpeedLimit(); // differse from speedFactor if vMax < speedLimit
            double acceptanceTime;
            if (myKeepRightAcceptanceTime == -1) {
                // legacy behavior: scale acceptance time with current speed and
                // use old hard-coded constant
                acceptanceTime = 7 * roadSpeedFactor * MAX2(1.0, myVehicle.getSpeed());
            } else {
                acceptanceTime = myKeepRightAcceptanceTime * roadSpeedFactor;
                if (follower.first != nullptr && follower.second < 2 * follower.first->getCarFollowModel().brakeGap(follower.first->getSpeed())) {
                    // reduce acceptanceTime if the follower vehicle is faster or wants to drive faster
                    if (follower.first->getSpeed() >= myVehicle.getSpeed()) {
                        acceptanceTime *= MAX2(1.0, myVehicle.getSpeed()) / MAX2(1.0, follower.first->getSpeed());
                        const double fRSF = follower.first->getLane()->getVehicleMaxSpeed(follower.first) / follower.first->getLane()->getSpeedLimit();
                        if (fRSF > roadSpeedFactor) {
                            acceptanceTime /= fRSF;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            double fullSpeedGap = MAX2(0., neighDist - myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().brakeGap(vMax));
            double fullSpeedDrivingSeconds = MIN2(acceptanceTime, fullSpeedGap / vMax);
            if (neighLead.first != 0 && neighLead.first->getSpeed() < vMax) {
                fullSpeedGap = MAX2(0., MIN2(fullSpeedGap,
                                             neighLead.second - myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(&myVehicle, neighLead.first,
                                                     vMax, neighLead.first->getSpeed(), neighLead.first->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel())));
                fullSpeedDrivingSeconds = MIN2(fullSpeedDrivingSeconds, fullSpeedGap / (vMax - neighLead.first->getSpeed()));
            }
            // stay on the current lane if we cannot overtake a slow leader on the right
            if (checkOverTakeRight && leader.first != 0
                    && leader.first->getLane()->getVehicleMaxSpeed(leader.first) < vMax) {
                fullSpeedGap = MIN2(fullSpeedGap, leader.second);
                fullSpeedDrivingSeconds = MIN2(fullSpeedDrivingSeconds, fullSpeedGap / (vMax - leader.first->getSpeed()));
            }
 
            const double deltaProb = (myChangeProbThresholdRight == std::numeric_limits<long long int>::max()) ? 0 :
                                     ((double)myChangeProbThresholdRight * (fullSpeedDrivingSeconds / acceptanceTime) / KEEP_RIGHT_TIME);
            myKeepRightProbability -= (long long int)(myVehicle.getActionStepLengthSecs() * deltaProb);
 
            //std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
            //          << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
            //          << " acceptanceTime=" << acceptanceTime
            //          << " fullSpeedDrivingSeconds=" << fullSpeedDrivingSeconds
            //          << " dProb=" << deltaProb
            //          << " myKeepRightProbability=" << myKeepRightProbability
            //          << "\n";
 
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                          << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                          << " vMax=" << vMax
                          << " neighDist=" << neighDist
                          << " brakeGap=" << myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().brakeGap(myVehicle.getSpeed())
                          << " leaderSpeed=" << (neighLead.first == 0 ? -1 : neighLead.first->getSpeed())
                          << " secGap=" << (neighLead.first == 0 ? -1 : myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(&myVehicle, neighLead.first,
                                            myVehicle.getSpeed(), neighLead.first->getSpeed(), neighLead.first->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()))
                          << " acceptanceTime=" << acceptanceTime
                          << " fullSpeedGap=" << fullSpeedGap
                          << " fullSpeedDrivingSeconds=" << fullSpeedDrivingSeconds
                          << " dProb=" << deltaProb / HYST_PRECISION
                          << " myKeepRightProbability=" << myKeepRightProbability / HYST_PRECISION
                          << "\n";
            }
#endif
            if ((long long int)((double)myKeepRightProbability * myKeepRightParam) < -myChangeProbThresholdRight) {
                req = ret | lca | LCA_KEEPRIGHT;
                if (!cancelRequest(req, laneOffset)) {
                    return ret | req;
                }
            }
        }
 
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                      << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                      << " speed=" << myVehicle.getSpeed()
                      << " speedGainL=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft / HYST_PRECISION
                      << " speedGainR=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityRight / HYST_PRECISION
                      << " thisLaneVSafe=" << thisLaneVSafe
                      << " neighLaneVSafe=" << neighLaneVSafe
                      << " relativeGain=" << relativeGain
                      << " blocked=" << blocked
                      << "\n";
        }
#endif
 
        if (mySpeedGainProbabilityRight > myChangeProbThresholdRight
                && neighDist / MAX2(.1, myVehicle.getSpeed()) > mySpeedGainRemainTime) { //./MAX2( .1, myVehicle.getSpeed())) { // -.1
            req = ret | lca | LCA_SPEEDGAIN;
            if (mySpeedGainProbabilityRight > (long long int)(mySpeedGainUrgency * HYST_PRECISION)) {
                req |= LCA_URGENT;
            }
            if (!cancelRequest(req, laneOffset)) {
                return ret | req;
            }
        }
    } else {
        // ONLY FOR CHANGING TO THE LEFT
        if (thisLaneVSafe > neighLaneVSafe) {
            // this lane is better
            mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft = (long long int)((double)mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft * pow(0.5, myVehicle.getActionStepLengthSecs()));
        } else if (thisLaneVSafe == neighLaneVSafe) {
            mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft = (long long int)((double)mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft * pow(0.8, myVehicle.getActionStepLengthSecs()));
        } else {
            mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft += (long long int)(myVehicle.getActionStepLengthSecs() * relativeGain * HYST_PRECISION);
        }
        // VARIANT_19 (stayRight)
        //if (neighFollow.first != 0) {
        //    MSVehicle* nv = neighFollow.first;
        //    const double secGap = nv->getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(nv, &myVehicle, nv->getSpeed(), myVehicle.getSpeed(), myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel());
        //    if (neighFollow.second < secGap * KEEP_RIGHT_HEADWAY) {
        //        // do not change left if it would inconvenience faster followers
        //        return ret | LCA_STAY | LCA_SPEEDGAIN;
        //    }
        //}
 
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                      << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                      << " speed=" << myVehicle.getSpeed()
                      << " speedGainL=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft / HYST_PRECISION
                      << " speedGainR=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityRight / HYST_PRECISION
                      << " thisLaneVSafe=" << thisLaneVSafe
                      << " neighLaneVSafe=" << neighLaneVSafe
                      << " relativeGain=" << relativeGain
                      << " blocked=" << blocked
                      << "\n";
        }
#endif
 
        if (mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft > myChangeProbThresholdLeft
                && (relativeGain > NUMERICAL_EPS || changeLeftToAvoidOvertakeRight)
                && neighDist / MAX2(.1, myVehicle.getSpeed()) > mySpeedGainRemainTime) { // .1
            req = ret | lca | LCA_SPEEDGAIN;
            if (mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft > (long long int)(mySpeedGainUrgency * HYST_PRECISION)) {
                req |= LCA_URGENT;
            }
            if (!cancelRequest(req, laneOffset)) {
                if ((req & LCA_URGENT) && (blocked & LCA_BLOCKED_BY_LEFT_FOLLOWER)) {
                    MSVehicle* nv = neighFollow.first;
                    const bool hasBidiNeighFollower = neighLane.getBidiLane() != nullptr && MSLCHelper::isBidiFollower(&myVehicle, nv);
                    if (nv != nullptr && !hasBidiNeighFollower && !MSLCHelper::unwillingToHelp(myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(), *nv)) {
                        const double helpSpeed = MAX2(nv->getCarFollowModel().minNextSpeed(nv->getSpeed(), nv), myVehicle.getSpeed() - 1);
                        msgPass.informNeighFollower(new Info(helpSpeed, myLca | LCA_AMBLOCKINGFOLLOWER), &myVehicle);
                    }
                }
                return ret | req;
            }
        }
    }
    // --------
    if (changeToBest && bestLaneOffset == curr.bestLaneOffset
            && myStrategicParam >= 0
            && relativeGain >= 0
            && (right ? mySpeedGainProbabilityRight : mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft) > 0) {
        // change towards the correct lane, speedwise it does not hurt
        req = ret | lca | LCA_STRATEGIC;
        if (!cancelRequest(req, laneOffset)) {
            return ret | req;
        }
    }
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << STEPS2TIME(currentTime)
                  << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                  << " speedGainL=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft / HYST_PRECISION
                  << " speedGainR=" << mySpeedGainProbabilityRight / HYST_PRECISION
                  << " myKeepRightProbability=" << myKeepRightProbability / HYST_PRECISION
                  << " thisLaneVSafe=" << thisLaneVSafe
                  << " neighLaneVSafe=" << neighLaneVSafe
                  << "\n";
    }
#endif
 
    return ret;
}
 
 
double
MSLCM_LC2013::anticipateFollowSpeed(const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& leaderDist, double dist, double vMax, bool acceleratingLeader) {
    const MSVehicle* leader = leaderDist.first;
    const double gap = leaderDist.second;
    double futureSpeed;
    if (acceleratingLeader) {
        // XXX see #6562
        const double maxSpeed1s = (myVehicle.getSpeed() + myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxAccel()
                                   - ACCEL2SPEED(myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxAccel()));
        if (leader == nullptr) {
            if (hasBlueLight()) {
                // can continue from any lane if necessary
                futureSpeed = vMax;
            } else {
                futureSpeed = getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(&myVehicle, maxSpeed1s, dist, 0, 0);
            }
        } else {
            futureSpeed = getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(&myVehicle, maxSpeed1s, gap, leader->getSpeed(), leader->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel());
        }
    } else {
        // onInsertion = true because the vehicle has already moved
        if (leader == nullptr) {
            if (hasBlueLight()) {
                // can continue from any lane if necessary
                futureSpeed = vMax;
            } else {
                futureSpeed = getCarFollowModel().maximumSafeStopSpeed(dist, getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel(), myVehicle.getSpeed(), true);
            }
        } else {
            futureSpeed = getCarFollowModel().maximumSafeFollowSpeed(gap, myVehicle.getSpeed(), leader->getSpeed(), leader->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel(), true);
        }
    }
    futureSpeed = MIN2(vMax, futureSpeed);
    if (leader != nullptr && gap > 0 && mySpeedGainLookahead > 0) {
        const double futureLeaderSpeed = acceleratingLeader ? leader->getLane()->getVehicleMaxSpeed(leader) : leader->getSpeed();
        const double deltaV = vMax - futureLeaderSpeed;
        if (deltaV > 0 && gap > 0) {
            const double secGap = getCarFollowModel().getSecureGap(&myVehicle, leader, futureSpeed, leader->getSpeed(), getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel());
            const double fullSpeedGap = gap - secGap;
            if (fullSpeedGap / deltaV < mySpeedGainLookahead) {
                // anticipate future braking by computing the average
                // speed over the next few seconds
                const double gapClosingTime = MAX2(0.0, fullSpeedGap / deltaV);
                const double foreCastTime = mySpeedGainLookahead * 2;
                //if (DEBUG_COND) std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " leader=" << leader->getID() << " gap=" << gap << " deltaV=" << deltaV << " futureSpeed=" << futureSpeed << " futureLeaderSpeed=" << futureLeaderSpeed;
                futureSpeed = MIN2(futureSpeed, (gapClosingTime * futureSpeed + (foreCastTime - gapClosingTime) * futureLeaderSpeed) / foreCastTime);
                //if (DEBUG_COND) std::cout << " newFutureSpeed=" << futureSpeed << "\n";
            }
        }
    }
    return futureSpeed;
}
 
 
int
MSLCM_LC2013::slowDownForBlocked(MSVehicle* blocked, int state) {
    //  if this vehicle is blocking someone in front, we maybe decelerate to let him in
    if (blocked != nullptr) {
        double gap = blocked->getPositionOnLane() - blocked->getVehicleType().getLength() - myVehicle.getPositionOnLane() - myVehicle.getVehicleType().getMinGap();
#ifdef DEBUG_SLOW_DOWN
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME
                      << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                      << " blocked=" << Named::getIDSecure(blocked)
                      << " gap=" << gap
                      << "\n";
        }
#endif
        if (gap > POSITION_EPS) {
            //const bool blockedWantsUrgentRight = (((*blocked)->getLaneChangeModel().getOwnState() & LCA_RIGHT != 0)
            //    && ((*blocked)->getLaneChangeModel().getOwnState() & LCA_URGENT != 0));
 
            if (myVehicle.getSpeed() < myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()
                    //|| blockedWantsUrgentRight  // VARIANT_10 (helpblockedRight)
               ) {
                if (blocked->getSpeed() < SUMO_const_haltingSpeed) {
                    state |= LCA_AMBACKBLOCKER_STANDING;
                } else {
                    state |= LCA_AMBACKBLOCKER;
                }
                addLCSpeedAdvice(getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(
                                     &myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(),
                                     gap - POSITION_EPS, blocked->getSpeed(),
                                     blocked->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()), LCA_CHANGE_TO_HELP);
 
                //(*blocked) = 0; // VARIANT_14 (furtherBlock)
#ifdef DEBUG_SLOW_DOWN
                if (DEBUG_COND) {
                    std::cout << SIMTIME
                              << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID()
                              << " slowing down for"
                              << " blocked=" << Named::getIDSecure(blocked)
                              << " helpSpeed=" << myLCAccelerationAdvices.back().first
                              << "\n";
                }
#endif
            } /*else if ((*blocked)->getWaitingSeconds() > 30 && gap > myVehicle.getBrakeGap()) {
                // experimental else-branch...
 
                state |= LCA_AMBACKBLOCKER;
                addLCSpeedAdvice(getCarFollowModel().followSpeed(
                            &myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(),
                            (gap - POSITION_EPS), (*blocked)->getSpeed(),
                            (*blocked)->getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()));
            } */
        }
    }
    return state;
}
 
 
void
MSLCM_LC2013::adaptSpeedToPedestrians(const MSLane* lane, double& v) {
    if (lane->hasPedestrians()) {
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME << " adapt to pedestrians on lane=" << lane->getID() << "\n";
        }
#endif
        PersonDist leader = lane->nextBlocking(myVehicle.getPositionOnLane(),
                                               myVehicle.getRightSideOnLane(), myVehicle.getRightSideOnLane() + myVehicle.getVehicleType().getWidth(),
                                               ceil(myVehicle.getSpeed() / myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().getMaxDecel()));
        if (leader.first != 0) {
            const double stopSpeed = myVehicle.getCarFollowModel().stopSpeed(&myVehicle, myVehicle.getSpeed(), leader.second - myVehicle.getVehicleType().getMinGap());
            v = MIN2(v, stopSpeed);
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
            if (DEBUG_COND) {
                std::cout << SIMTIME << "    pedLeader=" << leader.first->getID() << " dist=" << leader.second << " v=" << v << "\n";
            }
#endif
        }
    }
}
 
 
double
MSLCM_LC2013::computeSpeedLat(double latDist, double& maneuverDist, bool urgent) const {
    double result = MSAbstractLaneChangeModel::computeSpeedLat(latDist, maneuverDist, urgent);
#ifdef DEBUG_WANTS_CHANGE
    if (DEBUG_COND) {
        std::cout << SIMTIME << " veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " myLeftSpace=" << myLeftSpace << " latDist=" << latDist << " maneuverDist=" << maneuverDist << " result=" << result << "\n";
    }
#endif
    if (myLeftSpace > POSITION_EPS || !urgent) {
        double speedBound = myMaxSpeedLatStanding + myMaxSpeedLatFactor * myVehicle.getSpeed();
        if (isChangingLanes()) {
            speedBound = MAX2(LC_RESOLUTION_SPEED_LAT, speedBound);
        }
        result = MAX2(-speedBound, MIN2(speedBound, result));
    }
    return result;
}
 
 
double
MSLCM_LC2013::getSafetyFactor() const {
    return 1 / myAssertive;
}
 
double
MSLCM_LC2013::getOppositeSafetyFactor() const {
    return myOppositeParam <= 0 ? std::numeric_limits<double>::max() : 1 / myOppositeParam;
}
 
bool
MSLCM_LC2013::saveBlockerLength(double length, double foeLeftSpace) {
    const bool canReserve = MSLCHelper::canSaveBlockerLength(myVehicle, length, myLeftSpace);
    if (!isOpposite() && (canReserve || myLeftSpace > foeLeftSpace)) {
        myLeadingBlockerLength = MAX2(length, myLeadingBlockerLength);
#ifdef DEBUG_SAVE_BLOCKER_LENGTH
        if (DEBUG_COND) {
            std::cout << SIMTIME << "   saveBlockerLength veh=" << myVehicle.getID() << " canReserve=" << canReserve << " myLeftSpace=" << myLeftSpace << " foeLeftSpace=" << foeLeftSpace << "\n";
        }
#endif
        if (myLeftSpace == 0 && foeLeftSpace < 0) {
            // called from opposite overtaking, myLeftSpace must be initialized
            myLeftSpace = myVehicle.getBestLanes()[myVehicle.getLane()->getIndex()].length - myVehicle.getPositionOnLane();
        }
        return true;
    } else {
        return false;
    }
}
 
 
bool
MSLCM_LC2013::hasFreeLane(int laneOffset, const std::pair<MSVehicle*, double>& neighLeadStopped) const {
    if (neighLeadStopped.first == nullptr) {
        return true;
    }
    int dir = (laneOffset > 0 ? 1 : -1);
    const MSLane* neigh = myVehicle.getLane()->getParallelLane(laneOffset);
    if (dir > 0 && !neigh->allowsChangingLeft(myVehicle.getVClass())) {
        return false;
    } else if (dir < 0 && !neigh->allowsChangingRight(myVehicle.getVClass())) {
        return false;
    }
    int nextOffset = laneOffset + dir;
    const MSLane* next = myVehicle.getLane()->getParallelLane(nextOffset);
    if (next == nullptr || !next->allowsVehicleClass(myVehicle.getVClass())) {
        return false;
    }
    const double overtakeDist = neighLeadStopped.second + neighLeadStopped.first->getVehicleType().getLengthWithGap() + myVehicle.getLength() + POSITION_EPS;
    std::pair<MSVehicle* const, double> nextLead = next->getLeader(&myVehicle, myVehicle.getPositionOnLane(), myVehicle.getBestLanesContinuation(next), overtakeDist);
    return nextLead.first == nullptr || nextLead.second >= overtakeDist || hasFreeLane(nextOffset, nextLead);
}
 
 
std::string
MSLCM_LC2013::getParameter(const std::string& key) const {
    if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_STRATEGIC_PARAM)) {
        return toString(myStrategicParam);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_COOPERATIVE_PARAM)) {
        return toString(myCooperativeParam);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_PARAM)) {
        return toString(mySpeedGainParam);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_KEEPRIGHT_PARAM)) {
        return toString(myKeepRightParam);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_OPPOSITE_PARAM)) {
        return toString(myOppositeParam);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_LOOKAHEADLEFT)) {
        return toString(myLookaheadLeft);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAINRIGHT)) {
        return toString(mySpeedGainRight);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_ASSERTIVE)) {
        return toString(myAssertive);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_OVERTAKE_RIGHT)) {
        return toString(myOvertakeRightParam);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SIGMA)) {
        return toString(mySigma);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_KEEPRIGHT_ACCEPTANCE_TIME)) {
        return toString(myKeepRightAcceptanceTime);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_OVERTAKE_DELTASPEED_FACTOR)) {
        return toString(myOvertakeDeltaSpeedFactor);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_STRATEGIC_LOOKAHEAD)) {
        return toString(myStrategicLookahead);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_LOOKAHEAD)) {
        return toString(mySpeedGainLookahead);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_REMAIN_TIME)) {
        return toString(mySpeedGainRemainTime);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_COOPERATIVE_ROUNDABOUT)) {
        return toString(myRoundaboutBonus);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_COOPERATIVE_SPEED)) {
        return toString(myCooperativeSpeed);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_MAXSPEEDLATSTANDING)) {
        return toString(myMaxSpeedLatStanding);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_MAXSPEEDLATFACTOR)) {
        return toString(myMaxSpeedLatFactor);
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_MAXDISTLATSTANDING)) {
        return toString(myMaxDistLatStanding);
        // access to internal state for debugging in sumo-gui (not documented since it may change at any time)
    } else if (key == "speedGainProbabilityRight") {
        return toString(mySpeedGainProbabilityRight / HYST_PRECISION);
    } else if (key == "speedGainProbabilityLeft") {
        return toString(mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft / HYST_PRECISION);
    } else if (key == "keepRightProbability") {
        return toString(-myKeepRightProbability / HYST_PRECISION);
    } else if (key == "lookAheadSpeed") {
        return toString(myLookAheadSpeed);
        // motivation relative to threshold
    } else if (key == "speedGainRP") {
        return toString(mySpeedGainProbabilityRight / myChangeProbThresholdRight);
    } else if (key == "speedGainLP") {
        return toString(mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft / myChangeProbThresholdLeft);
    } else if (key == "keepRightP") {
        return toString((double)myKeepRightProbability * myKeepRightParam / -(double)myChangeProbThresholdRight);
    }
    throw InvalidArgument("Parameter '" + key + "' is not supported for laneChangeModel of type '" + toString(myModel) + "'");
}
 
 
void
MSLCM_LC2013::setParameter(const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
    double doubleValue;
    try {
        doubleValue = StringUtils::toDouble(value);
    } catch (NumberFormatException&) {
        throw InvalidArgument("Setting parameter '" + key + "' requires a number for laneChangeModel of type '" + toString(myModel) + "'");
    }
    if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_STRATEGIC_PARAM)) {
        myStrategicParam = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_COOPERATIVE_PARAM)) {
        myCooperativeParam = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_PARAM)) {
        mySpeedGainParam = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_KEEPRIGHT_PARAM)) {
        myKeepRightParam = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_OPPOSITE_PARAM)) {
        myOppositeParam = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_LOOKAHEADLEFT)) {
        myLookaheadLeft = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAINRIGHT)) {
        mySpeedGainRight = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_ASSERTIVE)) {
        myAssertive = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_OVERTAKE_RIGHT)) {
        myOvertakeRightParam = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SIGMA)) {
        mySigma = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_KEEPRIGHT_ACCEPTANCE_TIME)) {
        myKeepRightAcceptanceTime = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_OVERTAKE_DELTASPEED_FACTOR)) {
        myOvertakeDeltaSpeedFactor = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_STRATEGIC_LOOKAHEAD)) {
        myStrategicLookahead = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_LOOKAHEAD)) {
        mySpeedGainLookahead = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_SPEEDGAIN_REMAIN_TIME)) {
        mySpeedGainRemainTime = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_COOPERATIVE_ROUNDABOUT)) {
        myRoundaboutBonus = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_COOPERATIVE_SPEED)) {
        myCooperativeSpeed = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_MAXSPEEDLATSTANDING)) {
        myMaxSpeedLatStanding = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_MAXSPEEDLATFACTOR)) {
        myMaxSpeedLatFactor = doubleValue;
    } else if (key == toString(SUMO_ATTR_LCA_MAXDISTLATSTANDING)) {
        myMaxDistLatStanding = doubleValue;
        // access to internal state
    } else if (key == "speedGainProbabilityRight") {
        mySpeedGainProbabilityRight = (long long int)(doubleValue * HYST_PRECISION);
    } else if (key == "speedGainProbabilityLeft") {
        mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft = (long long int)(doubleValue * HYST_PRECISION);
    } else if (key == "keepRightProbability") {
        myKeepRightProbability = (long long int)(-doubleValue * HYST_PRECISION);
    } else if (key == "lookAheadSpeed") {
        myLookAheadSpeed = doubleValue;
    } else {
        throw InvalidArgument("Setting parameter '" + key + "' is not supported for laneChangeModel of type '" + toString(myModel) + "'");
    }
    initDerivedParameters();
}
 
 
void
MSLCM_LC2013::saveState(OutputDevice& out) const {
    MSAbstractLaneChangeModel::saveState(out);
    std::vector<long long int> lcState;
    lcState.push_back(mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft);
    lcState.push_back(mySpeedGainProbabilityRight);
    lcState.push_back(myKeepRightProbability);
    lcState.push_back((long long int)(myLookAheadSpeed * HYST_PRECISION));
    lcState.push_back(myDontBrake);
    out.writeAttr(SUMO_ATTR_LCSTATE2, lcState);
}
 
 
void
MSLCM_LC2013::loadState(const SUMOSAXAttributes& attrs) {
    MSAbstractLaneChangeModel::loadState(attrs);
    if (attrs.hasAttribute(SUMO_ATTR_LCSTATE2)) {
        std::istringstream bis(attrs.getString(SUMO_ATTR_LCSTATE2));
        bis >> mySpeedGainProbabilityLeft;
        bis >> mySpeedGainProbabilityRight;
        bis >> myKeepRightProbability;
        long long laSpeed;
        bis >> laSpeed;
        myLookAheadSpeed = (double)laSpeed / HYST_PRECISION;
        bis >> myDontBrake;
    }
}
 
 
 
/****************************************************************************/